{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T21:53:25Z","timestamp":1766267605841,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41630856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the demonstrative transportation research and development program using GF high-resolution aerial imagery, P.R. China","award":["07-Y30B03-9001-19\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07-Y30B03-9001-19\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The degradation of the frozen soil in the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau (QTP) caused by climate warming has attracted extensive worldwide attention due to its significant effects on the ecosystem and hydrological processes. In this study, we propose an effective approach to estimate the spatial distribution and changes in the frozen soil using the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature products as inputs. A comparison with in-situ observations suggests that this method can accurately estimate the mean daily land surface temperature, the spatial distribution of the permafrost, and the maximum thickness of the seasonally-frozen ground in the source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern area of the QTP. The results of The Temperature at the Top of the Permafrost model indicates that the area of permafrost in the source region of the Yellow River decreased by 4.82% in the period from 2003 to 2019, with an increase in the areal mean air temperature of 0.35 \u00b0C\/10 years. A high spatial heterogeneity in the frozen soil changes was revealed. The basin-averaged active layer thickness of the permafrost increased at a rate of 5.46 cm\/10 years, and the basin-averaged maximum thickness of the seasonally-frozen ground decreased at a rate of 3.66 cm\/10 years. The uncertainties in calculating the mean daily land surface temperature and the soil\u2019s thermal conductivity were likely to influence the accuracy of the estimation of the spatial distribution of the permafrost and the maximum thickness of the seasonally-frozen ground, which highlight the importance of the better integration of field observations and multi-source remote sensing data in order to improve the modelling of frozen soil in the future. Overall, the approach proposed in this study may contribute to the improvement of the application of the MODIS land surface temperature data in the study of frozen soil changes in large catchments with limited in-situ observations in the QTP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T01:51:58Z","timestamp":1609984318000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Analyzing Changes in Frozen Soil in the Source Region of the Yellow River Using the MODIS Land Surface Temperature Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0782-8858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Highway Engineering Consultants Corporation, Space Information Application and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology Transportation Industry R &amp; D Center, China Consulting Data Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Hydraulic and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, M.K. 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