{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T21:53:59Z","timestamp":1782338039029,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11190209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11190209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface oceanic fronts are regions characterized by high biological activity. Here, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) fronts are analyzed for the period 2003\u20132019 using the Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution (MUR) SST product in northern Patagonia, a coastal region with high environmental variability through river discharges and coastal upwelling events. SST gradient magnitudes were maximum off Chilo\u00e9 Island in summer and fall, coherent with the highest frontal probability in the coastal oceanic area, which would correspond to the formation of a coastal upwelling front in the meridional direction. Increased gradient magnitudes in the Inner Sea of Chilo\u00e9 (ISC) were found primarily in spring and summer. The frontal probability analysis revealed the highest occurrences were confined to the northern area (north of Desertores Islands) and around the southern border of Boca del Guafo. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis was performed to clarify the dominant modes of variability in SST gradient magnitudes. The meridional coastal fronts explained the dominant mode (78% of the variance) off Chilo\u00e9 Island, which dominates in summer, whereas the SST fronts inside the ISC (second mode; 15.8%) were found to dominate in spring and early summer (October\u2013January). Future efforts are suggested focusing on high frontal probability areas to study the vertical structure and variability of the coastal fronts in the ISC and its adjacent coastal ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T23:03:42Z","timestamp":1610319822000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Seasonal Variability of SST Fronts in the Inner Sea of Chilo\u00e9 and Its Adjacent Coastal Ocean, Northern Patagonia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-464X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo S.","family":"Sald\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"},{"name":"Centro FONDAP de Investigaci\u00f3n en Din\u00e1mica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilber","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Mag\u00edster en Ciencias F\u00edsicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1223-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4090541, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0066-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-4152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Mag\u00edster en Ciencias F\u00edsicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7857-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Pesquera, Talcahuano 4260000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-9761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"P\u00e9rez-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Puerto Mont 5480000, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Oceanogr\u00e1fica COPAS Sur-Austral, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Soto-Mardones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps082001","article-title":"Sink or swim: Accumulation of biomass at fronts","volume":"82","author":"Franks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mar. 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