{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:39:54Z","timestamp":1778539194111,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31570472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31570472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19040303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040303"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0503805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0503805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KFJ-STS-ZDTP-049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJ-STS-ZDTP-049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abundant shallow underground brackish water resources could help in alleviating the shortage of fresh water resources and the crisis concerning agricultural water resources in the North China Plain. Improper brackish water irrigation will increase soil salinity and decrease the final yield due to salt stress affecting the crops. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a practical and low-cost method to monitor the soil salinity of brackish irrigation systems. Remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) of crops are promising proxies for indicating the salinity of the surface soil layer. However, there is still a challenge concerning quantitatively correlating SVIs with the salinity of deeper soil layers, in which crop roots are mainly distributed. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between SVIs and salinity measurements at four soil depths within six winter wheat plots irrigated using three salinity levels at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during 2017\u20132019. The hyperspectral reflectance was measured during the grain-filling stage of winter wheat, since it is more sensitive to soil salinity during this period. The SVIs derived from the observed hyperspectral data of winter wheat were compared with the salinity at four soil depths. The results showed that the optimized SVIs, involving soil salt-sensitive blue, red-edge, and near-infrared wavebands, performed better when retrieving the soil salinity (R2 \u2265 0.58, root mean square error (RMSE) \u2264 0.62 g\/L), especially at the 30-cm depth (R2 = 0.81, RMSE = 0.36 g\/L). For practical applications, linear or quadratic models based on the screened SVIs in the form of normalized differential vegetation indices (NDVIs) could be used to retrieve soil salinity (R2 \u2265 0.63, RMSE \u2264 0.62 g\/L) at all soil depths and then diagnose salt stress in winter wheat. This could provide a practical technique for evaluating regional brackish water irrigation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T21:50:54Z","timestamp":1610574654000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Relating Hyperspectral Vegetation Indices with Soil Salinity at Different Depths for the Diagnosis of Winter Wheat Salt Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7915-2880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Dongying 257000, China"},{"name":"CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Dongying Institute of Geographic Sciences, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Dongying 257000, China"},{"name":"CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenrong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2635-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanxue","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buju","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Situation and Origin of Water Resources in Short Supply in North China Plain","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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