{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:20Z","timestamp":1772253020429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SEV- 2017-0709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEV- 2017-0709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/P01156X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/P01156X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AYA2017-89637-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AYA2017-89637-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2018Lockdown\u2019 periods in response to COVID-19 have provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of economic activity on environmental pollution (e.g., NO2, aerosols, noise, light). The effects on NO2 and aerosols have been very noticeable and readily demonstrated, but that on light pollution has proven challenging to determine. The main reason for this difficulty is that the primary source of nighttime satellite imagery of the earth is the SNPP-VIIRS\/DNB instrument, which acquires data late at night after most human nocturnal activity has already occurred and much associated lighting has been turned off. Here, to analyze the effect of lockdown on urban light emissions, we use ground and satellite data for Granada, Spain, during the COVID-19 induced confinement of the city\u2019s population from 14 March until 31 May 2020. We find a clear decrease in light pollution due both to a decrease in light emissions from the city and to a decrease in anthropogenic aerosol content in the atmosphere which resulted in less light being scattered. A clear correlation between the abundance of PM10 particles and sky brightness is observed, such that the more polluted the atmosphere the brighter the urban night sky. An empirical expression is determined that relates PM10 particle abundance and sky brightness at three different wavelength bands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T21:50:54Z","timestamp":1610574654000},"page":"258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Light Emissions: Ground and Satellite Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7895-8097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ximo","family":"Bustamante-Calabria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"S\u00e1nchez de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK"},{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de la Tierra y Astrof\u00edsica, Instituto de F\u00edsica de Part\u00edculas y del COSMOS (IPARCOS), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Mart\u00edn-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8690-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Luis","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"V\u00edlchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Pelegrina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda, Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda, s\/n, 18008 Granada, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de F\u00edsica de la Tierra y Astrof\u00edsica, Instituto de F\u00edsica de Part\u00edculas y del COSMOS (IPARCOS), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4394-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bennie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK"}]},{"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Gaston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NASA (2020, July 16). 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