{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:10:12Z","timestamp":1778778612313,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41774001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the SDUST Research Fund","award":["2014TDJH101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014TDJH101"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["LTO2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTO2017"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Province Youth Innovation and Technology Program","award":["2019KJN009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KJN009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The classical harmonic analysis (CHA) method only can be used to obtain the harmonic constants (amplitude and phase) of ocean tide loading displacement (OTLD). In fact, there are significant seasonal variations in the harmonic constants of OTLD. A moving harmonic analysis (MHA) method is proposed, which can effectively capture the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters. Based on 5 years of kinematic coordinate time series in direction U of six Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in Hong Kong, the MHA method is used to explore the seasonal variation of the OTLD parameters of the 6 principal tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, K1, O1, Q1). The influence of mass loading on the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters is analyzed. The results show that there are obviously seasonal variations in OTLD parameters of the 6 principal tidal constituents in Hong Kong. The OTLD\u2019s amplitude\u2019s changes of the 6 principal tidal constituents are around 4\u201325.1% and the oscillation ranges of OTLD\u2019s phase parameters vary from 8.8\u00b0 to 20.4\u00b0. Among the seasonal variations of OTLD parameters, the annual signal, the semi-annual signal, and the ter-annual signal are the most significant. By analyzing the influence of atmospheric loading on the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters, it is found that atmospheric loading has certain contribution to the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters. Hydrological loading and non-tidal ocean loading have little influence on the seasonal variation of OTLD parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T01:33:29Z","timestamp":1610674409000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Seasonal Variation of GPS-Derived the Principal Ocean Tidal Constituents\u2019 Loading Displacement Parameters Based on Moving Harmonic Analysis in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maosheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1817-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011536","article-title":"Ocean loading corrections for continuous GPS: A case study at the Canadian coastal site Holberg","volume":"27","author":"Dragert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. 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