{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T19:56:47Z","timestamp":1769630207213,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The province of Le\u00f3n preserves a unique hydraulic infrastructure 1200 km-long, used for the exploitation of auriferous deposits in Roman times. It represents the most extensive waterworks in Europe and is one of the best-preserved examples of mining heritage in Antiquity. In this work, three mining exploitation sectors (upper, middle, and lower) characterized by channels and leats developed in different geological materials were examined, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). A multi-approach based on a comparison of photogrammetric and multispectral data improved the identification and description of the hydraulic network. Comparison with traditional orthoimages and LiDAR data suggests that UAV-derived multispectral images are of great interest in areas where these sets of data have low resolution or areas that are densely covered by vegetation. The results showed that the size of the channel box and its width were factors that do not depend exclusively on the available water resources, as previously suggested, but also on the geological and hydraulic conditioning factors that intervene in each sector. Additionally, the detailed study allowed the establishment of a water sheet maximum height that was much lower than previously thought. All in all, these inferences might help researchers develop new strategies for mapping the Roman mining infrastructure and establishing the importance of geological inheritance on the construction of the hydraulic system that led the Romans to the accomplishment of the largest mining infrastructure ever known in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unraveling the Morphological Constraints on Roman Gold Mining Hydraulic Infrastructure in NW Spain. A UAV-Derived Photogrammetric and Multispectral Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lozano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prospecting and Mining Research Area, Department of Mining, Topographic and Structural Engineering, Higher Technical School of Mining Engineering, University of Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9975-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enoc","family":"Sanz-Ablanedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics and Cartographic Engineering Research Group (GEOINCA), Ponferrada Campus, University of Le\u00f3n, Ponferrada, 24401 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"La zona arqueol\u00f3gica de las M\u00e9dulas (1988\u201389)","volume":"63","author":"Manzano","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. 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