{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:44:36Z","timestamp":1760233476923,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bureau of International Co-operation Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["181811KYSB20160040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181811KYSB20160040"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801457"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801457"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Day\u2013Night Band (DNB) imaging sensor of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) adds nighttime monitoring capability to the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 20 weather satellite launched in 2011 and 2017, respectively. Nighttime visible imagery has already found diverse applications, but image quality is often unsatisfactory. In this study, variations in observed top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance were examined in terms of nighttime bidirectional effects. The Antarctica Dome C ground site was selected due to high uniformity. First, variation of reflectance was characterized in terms of viewing zenith angle, lunar zenith angle, and relative lunar azimuth angle, using DNB data from 2012 to 2020 and Miller\u2013Turner 2009 simulations. Variations in reflectance were observed to be strongly anisotropic, suggesting the presence of bidirectional effects. Then, based on this finding, three popular bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models were evaluated for effectiveness in correcting for these effects on the nighttime images. The observed radiance of VIIRS DNB was compared with the simulated radiance respectively based on the three BRDF models under the same geometry. Compared with the RossThick-LiSparseReciprocal (RossLi) BRDF model and Hudson model, the Warren model has a higher correlation coefficient (0.9899\u20130.9945) and a lower root-mean-square-error (0.0383\u20130.0487). Moreover, the RossLi BRDF model and Hudson model may have similar effects in the description of the nighttime TOA over Dome C. These findings are potentially useful to evaluate the radiometric calibration stability and consistency of nighttime satellite sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of BRDF Impact on VIIRS DNB from Observed Top-of-Atmosphere Reflectance over Dome C in Nighttime"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jinjin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benyong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2325-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggang","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaokai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongguang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12705","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020475","article-title":"Suomi NPP VIIRS day-night band on-orbit performance","volume":"118","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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