{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:08:01Z","timestamp":1775840881419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos. 41671184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos. 41671184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos.41871192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos.41871192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nos.41671185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nos.41671185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An estuarine wetland is an area of high ecological productivity and biodiversity, and it is also an anthropic activity hotspot area, which is of concern. The wetlands in estuarine areas have suffered declines, which have had remarkable ecological impacts. The land use changes, especially wetland loss, were studied based on Keyhole and Landsat images in the Liao River delta from 1962 to 2016. The dynamics of the ecosystem service values (ESVs), suitable habitat for birds, and soil heavy metal potential ecological risk were chosen to estimate the ecological effects with the benefit transfer method, synthetic overlaying method, and potential ecological risk index (RI) method, respectively. The driving factors of land use change and ecological effects were analyzed with redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that the built-up area increased from 95.98 km2 in 1962 to 591.49 km2 in 2016, and this large change was followed by changes in paddy fields (1351.30 to 1522.39 km2) and dry farmland (189.5 to 294.14 km2). The area of wetlands declined from 1823.16 km2 in 1962 to 1153.52 km2 in 2016, and this change was followed by a decrease in the water area (546.2 to 428.96 km2). The land use change was characterized by increasing built-up (516.25%), paddy fields (12.66%) and dry farmland (55.22%) areas and a decline in the wetland (36.73%) and water areas (21.47%) from 1962\u20132016. Wetlands decreased by 669.64 km2. The ESV values declined from 6.24 billion US$ to 4.46 billion US$ from 1962 to 2016, which means the ESVs were reduced by 19.26% due to wetlands being cultivated and the urbanization process. The area of suitable habitat for birds decreased by 1449.49 km2, or 61.42% of the total area available in 1962. Cd was the primary soil heavy metal pollutant based on its concentration, accumulation, and potential ecological risk contribution. The RDA showed that the driving factors of comprehensive ecological effects include wetland area, Cd and Cr concentration, river and oil well distributions. This study provides a comprehensive approach for estuarine wetland cultivation and scientific support for wetland conservation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ecological and Environmental Effects of Estuarine Wetland Loss Using Keyhole and Landsat Data in Liao River Delta, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanman","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3372-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"}]},{"given":"Jiujun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Science and Technology Center for Ecological and Environmental Protection, Shenyang 110161, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-012-0278-z","article-title":"Current state of knowledge regarding the world\u2019s wetlands and their future under global climate change: A synthesis","volume":"75","author":"Junk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120868","article-title":"Constructed wetlands to solve agricultural drainage pollution in South Florida: Development of an advanced simulation tool for design optimization","volume":"258","author":"Solimeno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, R.C., Barchiesi, S., Beltrame, C., Finlayson, C.M., Galewski, T., Harrison, I., Paganini, M., Perennou, C., Pritchard, D.E., and Rosenqvist, A. (2015). State of the World\u2019s Wetlands and Their Services to People: A Compilation of Recent Analyses. Ramsar Briefing Note No. 7, Ramsar Convention Secretariat.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2589447"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110956","article-title":"Modelling water richness and habitat suitability of the wetlands and measuring their spatial linkages in mature Ganges delta of India","volume":"271","author":"Debanshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012","article-title":"Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management","volume":"108","author":"Thorslund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122988","article-title":"Valuing wetland ecosystem services based on benefit transfer: A meta-analysis of China wetland studies","volume":"276","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122668","article-title":"Effects of coastal reclamation history on heavy metal in different wetland type soils in the Pearl River Delta: Levels, sources and ecological risks","volume":"272","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01976.x","article-title":"Marshland conversion to cropland in northeast China from 1950 to 2000 reduced the greenhouse effect","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pendleton, L., Donato, D.C., Murray, B.C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W.A., Sifleet, S., Craft, C., Fourqurean, J.W., Kauffman, J.B., and Marba, N. (2012). Estimating global \u201cblue carbon\u201d emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043542"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.06.040","article-title":"Remediation of aquaculture water in the estuarine wetlands using coal cinder-zeolite balls\/reed wetland combination strategy","volume":"181","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2011.06.009","article-title":"Implementation of coastal erosion management in the Netherlands","volume":"54","author":"Mulder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163930","article-title":"Centuries of human-driven change in salt marsh ecosystems","volume":"1","author":"Gedan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.06.016","article-title":"Policies in coastal wetlands: Key challenges","volume":"88","author":"Velez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1071\/MF14173","article-title":"How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area","volume":"65","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.07.052","article-title":"Ecological and economic indicators for measuring erosion control services provided by ecosystems","volume":"95","author":"Alam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405557111","article-title":"Projected land-use change impacts on ecosystem services in the United States","volume":"111","author":"Lawler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.200","article-title":"Wetland loss due to land use change in the Lower Parana River Delta, Argentina","volume":"568","author":"Sica","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.07.004","article-title":"Land use and ecosystems services value changes and ecological land management in coastal Jiangsu, China","volume":"57","author":"Chuai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.08.025","article-title":"Heavy metal pollution in coastal areas of South China: A review","volume":"76","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134690","article-title":"Land use transitions and the associated impacts on ecosystem services in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China based on the geo-informatic Tupu method","volume":"701","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181770","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181770","article-title":"Ecosystem services and ecological degradation of communal wetlands in a South African biodiversity hotspot","volume":"6","author":"Buschke","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.09.015","article-title":"Losses of salt marsh in China: Trends, threats and management","volume":"214","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4307.960","article-title":"How much are nature\u2019s services worth?","volume":"197","author":"Westman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(01)00250-6","article-title":"Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio area, Texas","volume":"39","author":"Kreuter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.11.019","article-title":"Impacts of land change on ecosystem services in the San Antonio River Basin, Texas, from 1984 to 2010","volume":"135","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.03.064","article-title":"Model development for the assessment of terrestrial and aquatic habitat quality in conservation planning","volume":"540","author":"Terrado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2013.07.007","article-title":"Comparing approaches to spatially explicit ecosystem service modeling: A case study from the San Pedro River, Arizona","volume":"5","author":"Bagstad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.06.019","article-title":"Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets","volume":"21","author":"Burkhard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.010","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the value of China\u2019s ecosystem services","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.06.005","article-title":"Habitat suitability assessment of constructed wetlands for the smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758): A comparison with natural wetlands","volume":"106","author":"Mulkeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.121","article-title":"Suitable habitat mapping in the Yangtze River Estuary influenced by land reclamations","volume":"97","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"33","article-title":"The Change of Habitat Suitable for the Red-crowned Crane in Yellow River Delta","volume":"39","author":"Ying","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-012-0674-7","article-title":"The geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor of mercury in mangrove sediment of Port Klang, Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"6","author":"Haris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sengupta, D., Chen, R.S., Meadows, M.E., Choi, Y.R., Banerjee, A., and Zilong, X. (2019). Mapping trajectories of coastal land reclamation in Nine Deltaic Megacities using Google Earth Engine. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222621"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mapping paddy rice planting area in rice-wetland coexistent areas through analysis of Landsat 8 OLI and MODIS images","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1126\/science.320.5879.1011a","article-title":"Free access to Landsat imagery","volume":"320","author":"Woodcock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.04.063","article-title":"Remote sensing and evaluation of the wetland ecological degradation process of the Zoige Plateau Wetland in China","volume":"104","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110355","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS based analysis of temporal land use\/land cover and water quality changes in Harike wetland ecosystem, Punjab, India","volume":"262","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.03.014","article-title":"Mapping coastal wetlands of China using time series Landsat images in 2018 and Google Earth Engine","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201200025","article-title":"Developing wetland restoration scenarios and modeling its ecological consequences in the Liaohe River Delta wetlands, China","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clean-Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-018-0960-8","article-title":"Validation of global evapotranspiration product (MOD16) using flux tower data from Panjin coastal wetland, Northeast China","volume":"28","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65809-0","article-title":"Soil heavy metal contamination assessment in the Hun-Taizi River watershed, China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892911000658","article-title":"Impacts of internal and external policies on land change in Uruguay, 2001\u20132009","volume":"39","author":"Redo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"911","article-title":"Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China","volume":"5","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.08.035","article-title":"Monitoring cropland transition and its impact on ecosystem services value in developed regions of China: A case study of Jiangsu Province","volume":"69","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-17-00184.1","article-title":"Using Time-Series HSI Mapping to Determine Ecological Processes and Driving Forces of Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) Habitat in the Yancheng Biosphere Reserve (China)","volume":"35","author":"Chao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"7","article-title":"Change of red-crowned crane breeding habitat and the analysis of breeding capacity in Shuangtaihekou National Nature Reserve","volume":"23","author":"Yuanman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"108","article-title":"Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river","volume":"2","author":"Muller","year":"1979","journal-title":"Geojournal"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90143-8","article-title":"An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach","volume":"14","author":"Hakanson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (2020, January 15). Chinese Soil Elements Background Values. Available online: http:\/\/ir.imde.ac.cn\/handle\/131551\/6392."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-016-0737-8","article-title":"China\u2019s coastal wetlands: Understanding environmental changes and human impacts for management and conservation","volume":"36","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2011.02.009","article-title":"Using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to identify the most important DEM attributes for digital soil mapping applications","volume":"86","author":"Salehi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2011.09.053","article-title":"Response of ecosystem service to landscape change in Panjin coastal wetland","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.10.048","article-title":"Integrative assessment and management implications on ecosystem services loss of coastal wetlands due to reclamation","volume":"163","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.02.009","article-title":"Ecosystem service decline in response to wetland loss in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China","volume":"130","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.09.015","article-title":"Tracing the spatial variation and value change of ecosystem services in Yellow River Delta, China","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138452","article-title":"Spatial differences of ecosystem services and their driving factors: A comparation analysis among three urban agglomerations in China\u2019s Yangtze River Economic Belt","volume":"725","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14962","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04697-y","article-title":"Study on habitat suitability of overwintering cranes based on landscape pattern changea case study of typical lake wetlands in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.228","article-title":"Risk assessment and source analysis of soil heavy metal pollution from lower reaches of Yellow River irrigation in China","volume":"633","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6619-z","article-title":"Factorial Kriging analysis and sources of heavy metals in soils of different land-use types in the Yangtze River Delta of Eastern China","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110623","article-title":"What did China\u2019s National Wetland Conservation Program Achieve? Observations of changes in land cover and ecosystem services in the Sanjiang Plain","volume":"267","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"185","article-title":"Review on Advanced Practice of Provincial Spatial Planning: Case of a Western, Less Developed Province","volume":"6","author":"Lian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Spat. Plan. Sustain. Dev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/2\/311\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:20Z","timestamp":1760159540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/2\/311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13020311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13020311","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]}}}