{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:43:58Z","timestamp":1760233438066,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018601","name":"Guangdong Special Support Plan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016TQ03Z354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016TQ03Z354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite its perennial canopy, the Amazonian tropical evergreen forest shows significant canopy growth seasonality, which has been represented by optical satellite-based observations. In this paper, a new Microwave Temperature\u2013Vegetation Drought Index (MTVDI) based on Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) sensors was used to capture the canopy seasonality from 2003 to 2010 in comparison with four climatic dryness indicators (Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Climatological Water Deficit (CWD), Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS), Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)) and two photosynthesis proxies (Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Solar-Induced chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF)), respectively. Our results suggest that the MTVDI shows opposite seasonal variability with two photosynthesis proxies and performs better than the four climatic dryness indicators in reflecting the canopy photosynthesis seasonality of tropical forests in the Amazon. Besides, the MTVDI captures wet regions that show green-up during the dry season with mean annual precipitation higher than 2000 mm per year. The MTVDI provides a new way for monitoring the canopy seasonality of tropical forests from microwave signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:53:41Z","timestamp":1611190421000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Novel Microwave Temperature Vegetation Drought Index (MTVDI) Captures Canopy Seasonality across Amazonian Tropical Evergreen Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement, IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Fanxi","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}]},{"given":"Yongxian","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"}]},{"given":"Guangqing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Lab of Guangdong for Utilization of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World\u2019s Forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2005.00181.x","article-title":"New Views on an Old Forest: Assessing the Longevity, Resilience and Future of the Amazon Rainforest","volume":"30","author":"Maslin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. 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