{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:40Z","timestamp":1787029480188,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A satellite-based algorithm is developed and used to determine the presence of dust aerosols on a global scale. The algorithm uses as input aerosol optical properties from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Aqua Collection 6.1 and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)-Aura version v003 (OMAER-UV) datasets and identifies the existence of dust aerosols in the atmosphere by applying specific thresholds, which ensure the coarse size and the absorptivity of dust aerosols, on the input optical properties. The utilized aerosol optical properties are the multiwavelength aerosol optical depth (AOD), the Aerosol Absorption Index (AI) and the \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Exponent (a). The algorithm operates on a daily basis and at 1\u00b0 \u00d7 1\u00b0 latitude-longitude spatial resolution for the period 2005\u20132019 and computes the absolute and relative frequency of the occurrence of dust. The monthly and annual mean frequencies are calculated on a pixel level for each year of the study period, enabling the study of the seasonal as well as the inter-annual variation of dust aerosols\u2019 occurrence all over the globe. Temporal averaging is also applied to the annual values in order to estimate the 15-year climatological mean values. Apart from temporal, a spatial averaging is also applied for the entire globe as well as for specific regions of interest, namely great global deserts and areas of desert dust export. According to the algorithm results, the highest frequencies of dust occurrence (up to 160 days\/year) are primarily observed over the western part of North Africa (Sahara), and over the broader area of Bod\u00e9l\u00e9, and secondarily over the Asian Taklamakan desert (140 days\/year). For most of the study regions, the maximum frequencies appear in boreal spring and\/or summer and the minimum ones in winter or autumn. A clear seasonality of global dust is revealed, with the lowest frequencies in November\u2013December and the highest ones in June. Finally, an increasing trend of global dust frequency of occurrence from 2005 to 2019, equal to 56.2%, is also found. Such an increasing trend is observed over all study regions except for North Middle East, where a slight decreasing trend (\u22122.4%) is found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T09:49:21Z","timestamp":1611222561000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["A Global Climatology of Dust Aerosols Based on Satellite Data: Spatial, Seasonal and Inter-Annual Patterns over the Period 2005\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Gavrouzou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Hatzianastassiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonis","family":"Gkikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4946-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios-Bruno","family":"Korras-Carraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Mihalopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development (IERSD), National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion-Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"Aerosol physics and chemistry","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Jaenicke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Landolt-B\u00f6rnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationship in Science and Technology, New Series Group V, Geophysics and Space Research, Meteorology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064034","article-title":"Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle","volume":"294","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-5513-2014","article-title":"Contrasting the direct radiative effect and direct radiative forcing of aerosols","volume":"14","author":"Heald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. 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