{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T19:04:24Z","timestamp":1774551864974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41774001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41774001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SDUST Research Fund","award":["2014TDJH101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014TDJH101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>From late 2019 to early 2020, forest fires in southeastern Australia caused huge economic losses and huge environmental pollution. Monitoring forest fires has become increasingly important. A new method of fire detection using the difference between global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-derived precipitable water vapor and radiosonde-derived precipitable water vapor (\u0394PWV) is proposed. To study the feasibility of the new method, the relationship is studied between particulate matter 10 (PM10) (2.5 to 10 microns particulate matter) and \u0394PWV based on Global Positioning System (GPS) data, radiosonde data, and PM10 data from 1 June 2019 to 1 June 2020 in southeastern Australia. The results show that before the forest fire, \u0394PWV and PM10 were smaller and less fluctuating. When the forest fire happened, \u0394PWV and PM10 were increasing. Then after the forest fire, PM10 became small with relatively smooth fluctuations, but \u0394PWV was larger and more fluctuating. Correlation between the 15-day moving standard deviation (STD) time series of \u0394PWV and PM10 after the fire was significantly higher than that before the fire. This study shows that \u0394PWV is effective in monitoring forest fires based on GNSS technique before and during forest fires in climates with more uniform precipitation, and using \u0394PWV to detect forest fires based on GNSS needs to be further investigated in climates with more precipitation and severe climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Monitoring 2019 Forest Fires in Southeastern Australia with GNSS Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1817-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5675-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maosheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8563-0479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"},{"name":"Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15125","article-title":"Causes and consequences of Eastern Australia\u2019s 2019\u201320 season of mega-fires: A broader perspective","volume":"26","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. 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