{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T09:59:25Z","timestamp":1770458365761,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-111154RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111154RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge about forest road networks is essential for sustainable forest management and fire management. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a new hierarchical-hybrid classification tool (HyClass) for mapping paved and unpaved forest roads with LiDAR data. Bare-earth and low-lying vegetation were also identified. For this purpose, a rural landscape (area 70 ha) in northwestern Spain was selected for study, and a road network map was extracted from the cadastral maps as the ground truth data. The HyClass tool is based on a decision tree which integrates segmentation processes at local scale with decision rules. The proposed approach yielded an overall accuracy (OA) of 96.5%, with a confidence interval (CI) of 94.0\u201397.6%, representing an improvement over pixel-based classification (OA = 87.0%, CI = 83.7\u201389.8%) using Random Forest (RF). In addition, with the HyClass tool, the classification precision varied significantly after reducing the original point density from 8.7 to 1 point\/m2. The proposed method can provide accurate road mapping to support forest management as an alternative to pixel-based RF classification when the LiDAR point density is higher than 1 point\/m2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Forest Road Detection Using LiDAR Data and Hybrid Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1956-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Buj\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-1934 TB\u2014LaboraTe, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal and IBADER, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3518-2978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Guerra-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3edata, Centro de Iniciativas Empresariais, Fundaci\u00f3n CEL, O Palomar s\/n, 27004 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4565-2155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-202-GEOINCA, Departamento de Tecnolog\u00eda Minera, Topograf\u00eda y de Estructuras, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Av. Astorga, 15, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-1934 TB\u2014LaboraTe, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Agroforestal and IBADER, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Escola Polit\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04S","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2017262-10577","article-title":"The multiobjective Spanish National Forest Inventory","volume":"26","author":"Alberdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gucinski, H., Furniss, M., Ziemer, R., and Brookes, M. (2001). 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