{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T10:02:11Z","timestamp":1771063331608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]],"date-time":"2021-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19090112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19090112"]}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFA0603002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0603002"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project \u201cEarth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility\u201d","award":["EarthLab"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EarthLab"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid urbanization process has threatened the ecological environment. Net primary productivity (NPP) can effectively indicate vegetation growth status in an urban area. In this paper, we evaluated the change in NPP in China and China\u2019s urban lands and assessed the impact of temperature, precipitation, the sunshine duration, and vegetation loss due to urban expansion on NPP in China\u2019s three fast-growing urban agglomerations and their buffer zones (~5\u201320 km). The results indicated that the NPP in China exhibited an increasing trend. In contrast, the NPP in China\u2019s urban lands showed a decreasing trend. However, after 1997, China\u2019s increasing trend in NPP slowed (from 9.59 Tg C\/yr to 8.71 Tg C\/yr), while the decreasing trend in NPP in China\u2019s urban lands weakened. Moreover, we found that the NPP in the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA), the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (YRDUA), and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration (PRDUA) showed a decreasing trend. The NPP in the BTHUA showed an increasing trend in the buffer zones, which was positively affected by temperature and sunshine duration. Additionally, nonsignificant vegetation loss could promote the increase of NPP. In the YRDUA, the increasing temperature was the main factor that promoted the increase of NPP. The effect of temperature on NPP could almost offset the inhibition of vegetation reduction on the increase of NPP as the buffer zone expanded. In PRDUA, sunshine duration and vegetation loss were the main factors decreasing NPP. Our results will support future urban NPP prediction and government policymaking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Net Primary Productivity in China\u2019s Urban Lands during 1982\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2070-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Dailiang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological and Marine Brigade, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2017). 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