{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T20:43:44Z","timestamp":1773953024262,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAKENHI Grant number 19H02408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKENHI Grant number 19H02408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On 2 May 2014, a large-scale landslide in Abe Barek, Badakhshan, Afghanistan, produced extensive damage to the buildings and killed hundreds of people. Evaluations of the extent and the volume of the displaced materials are vital for post-disaster management activities. In this study, we present the applicability of a nonlinear geometric correction technique for decreasing the undesired registration errors between pre- and post-event digital elevation models (DEMs) generated from high-resolution stereo pair satellite imagery, identifying landslide affected areas, and quantifying the landslide volume from DEMs of difference (DoD) analysis. The nonlinear mapping method consists of shifting vector generation in subareas of the DEMs, consensus operations, and interpolation of the shifting vectors. The quality assessment confirmed that the method outperformed the simple DoD technique by eliminating a large-scale of geometric errors in an unaffected area. We estimated the volume of the landslide as 1.05 \u00d7 106 m3 from the DoD corrected by the nonlinear method, and discussed the relationship between the area and volume compared to those of the previous studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Volumetric Analysis of the Landslide in Abe Barek, Afghanistan Based on Nonlinear Mapping of Stereo Satellite Imagery-Derived DEMs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6114-6327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mujeeb Rahman","family":"Atefi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-1, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Balkh University, Mazar-i-Sharif 1701, Balkh, Afghanistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9318-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-4-1, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuster, R.L. (2001). Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Landslides in the Western Hemisphere, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr01276"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(01)00093-X","article-title":"Landslide risk assessment and management: An overview","volume":"64","author":"Dai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hungr, O., Fell, R., Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E. (2005). The analysis of global landslide risk through the creation of a database of worldwide landslide fatalities. Landslide Risk Management, Taylor and Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833711"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.415","article-title":"The human cost of global warming: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995\u20132014)","volume":"682","author":"Haque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, October 20). Afghanistan Natural Disaster Incident Reports [2012 through 2020]. Available online: https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/afghanistan-natural-disaster-incidents-in-2020."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gupta, M. (2020, November 07). Afghanistan: National Disaster Management Plan, 2010. Available online: https:\/\/www.preventionweb.net\/files\/31182_afghanistannationaldisastermanageme-451.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"UNITAR\/UNOSAT (2020, October 29). The Ab Barak Landslide: Past and Future. Available online: https:\/\/unitar.org\/maps\/map\/2058."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-015-0558-5","article-title":"Abe Barek landslide and landslide susceptibility assessment in Badakhshan province, Afghanistan","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.895209","article-title":"Detection and Volume Estimation of Large-Scale Landslides Based on Elevation-Change Analysis Using DEMs Extracted from High-Resolution Satellite Stereo Imagery","volume":"45","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2041895","article-title":"Landslide Volumetric Analysis Using Cartosat-1-Derived DEMs","volume":"7","author":"Martha","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miura, H. (2019). Fusion Analysis of Optical Satellite Images and Digital Elevation Model for Quantifying Volume in Debris Flow Disaster. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091096"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105825","article-title":"Estimating volume of deep-seated landslides and mass transport in Basihlan river basin, Taiwan","volume":"278","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-010-9634-2","article-title":"Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: A review","volume":"61","author":"Jaboyedoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021514","article-title":"Modeling Accumulated Volume of Landslides Using Remote Sensing and DTM Data","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, Y., Chan, Y., and Hu, J. (2016). Digital Elevation Model Differencing and Error Estimation from Multiple Sources: A Case Study from the Meiyuan Shan Landslide in Taiwan. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030199"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ostrowski, J.A., and He, D.C. (1989, January 10\u201314). Error Correction of Digital Elevation Models Produced by Automatic Matching of Digital Stereo Images. Proceedings of the 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Registration techniques for multisensor remotely sensed imagery","volume":"62","author":"Fonseca","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photogramm. Engr. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802501","article-title":"An automated parallel image registration technique based on the correlation of wavelet features","volume":"40","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic Image Registration Using Mexican Hat Wavelet, Invariant Moment, and Radon Transform","volume":"1","author":"Sarvaiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"18","article-title":"Optimization of altitude change values for extracting topographical changes by LIDAR","volume":"58","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eros. Control Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"96440K","article-title":"Soil volume estimation in debris flow areas using lidar data in the 2014 Hiroshima, Japan rainstorm","volume":"Volume VI","author":"Miura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing\/GIS Applications VI, Toulouse, France, 22\u201324 September 2015"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ahmed, A. (2020, October 25). More Than 2000 Feared Dead in Landslides. The New York Times. Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/05\/04\/world\/asia\/aid-effort-begins-at-scene-of-afghan-landslides.html."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Emma, G. (2020, October 27). Afghanistan Mudslides: Hundreds Feared Dead. The Guardian. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/may\/02\/afghanistan-landslide-badakhshan-leaves-thousand-missing."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Martinez, M., Basil, Y., and Sediqi, Q. (2020, October 22). Twin landslides Site That Killed at Least 2000 Afghans Declared a Mass Grave. Available online: https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2014\/05\/03\/world\/asia\/afghanistan-landslide\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wakil Kohsar\/AFP\/Getty Image (2020, September 10). The Atlantic. Available online: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/2014\/05\/massive-landslide-buries-remote-afghan-village\/100729\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Shroder, J.F. (2014). Natural Resources in Afghanistan: Geographic and Geologic Perspectives on Centuries of Conflict, Elsevier. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd, O.S., Mueller, C.S., and Rukstales, K.S. (2007). Preliminary Earthquake Hazard Map of Afghanistan, U.S. Geological Survey.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20071137"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2003). Badakhshan, a Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile Household, Listing\u20142003, UNFPA. Available online: https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/35118452\/Badakhshan_A_Socio_Economic_and_Demographic_Profile_With_the_financial_and_technical_assistance_of_UNFPA."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheeler, R.L., Bufe, C.G., Johnson, M.L., Dart, R.L., and Norton, G.A. (2005). Seismotectonic Map of Afghanistan, with an Annotated Bibliography, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, US Geological Survey. Open-File Report 2005\u20131264, USGS Afghanistan Project Product No. 011.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20051264"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.03.001","article-title":"Loess failure in northeast Afghanistan","volume":"36","author":"Shroder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.03.003","article-title":"Mass movement in northeast Afghanistan","volume":"36","author":"Shroder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Agisoft (2020, December 04). Metashape. Available online: https:\/\/www.agisoft.com\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.828917","article-title":"Urban change detection related to earthquakes using an adaptive nonlinear mapping of high-resolution images","volume":"1","author":"Kosugi","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stabilizing the accuracy of change detection from geographic images by multi-leveled exploration and selective smoothing","volume":"27.77","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"ITE (The Institute of Image Information and Televisions Engineers) Technical Reports"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"9","author":"Otsu","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Jensen, J.R., and Lulla, K. (2015). Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective, Prentice Hall. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.381734","article-title":"A Dynamic Histogram Equalization for Image Contrast Enhancement","volume":"53","author":"Kabir","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"289","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of vertical accuracy of elevated points with ground control points from ASTERDEM and SRTMDEM with respect to CARTOSAT-1DEM","volume":"13","author":"Rawat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Jennings, J.N., and Mabbutt, J.A. (1967). Landslide distribution and earthquakes in the Bewani and Torricelli Mountains, New Guinea. Landform Studies from Australia and New Guinea, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1029\/WR005i003p00647","article-title":"Soil slips related to vegetation, topography, and soil in Southern California","volume":"5","author":"Rice","year":"1969","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Abele, G. (1974). Bergsturze in den Alpen: Ihre Verbreitung, Morphologie und Folgeerscheinungen, Wissenschaftliche Alpenvereinshefte. (In Germany)."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3290080609","article-title":"Lichenometric dating of debris-flow deposits in the Scottish Highlands","volume":"8","author":"Innes","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/00288306.1983.10422240","article-title":"Distribution of large rock avalanche deposits in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand, N. Z","volume":"26","author":"Whitehouse","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Geol. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(98)00023-3","article-title":"The frequency and distribution of recent landslides in three montane tropical regions of Puerto Rico","volume":"24","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1139\/e01-068","article-title":"Sediment transfer by shallow landsliding in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia","volume":"39","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1095","article-title":"Analysis of landslide frequencies and characteristics in a natural system, coastal British Columbia","volume":"29","author":"Guthrie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2007.07.015","article-title":"Distribution of landslides in the Upper Tiber River basin, central Italy","volume":"96","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1574","article-title":"Effects of forest harvesting on the occurrence of landslides and debris flows in steep terrain of central Japan","volume":"33","author":"Imaizumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1029\/WR007i006p01485","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity storms on soil slippage on mountainous watersheds in Southern California","volume":"7","author":"Rice","year":"1971","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2009.01.005","article-title":"Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria, central Italy","volume":"279","author":"Guzzetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111738","article-title":"Forecasting the magnitude of potential landslides based on InSAR techniques","volume":"241","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019019","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000296","article-title":"Accuracy Assessment of DEMs in Different Topographic Complexity Based on an Optimum Number of GCP Formulation and Error Propagation Analysis","volume":"146","author":"Nadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surv. Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/3\/446\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:16:12Z","timestamp":1760159772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/3\/446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13030446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13030446","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}}}