{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T11:42:08Z","timestamp":1782646928977,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DAAD Ref No. SPACES II.2 CaBuDe 57531823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DAAD Ref No. SPACES II.2 CaBuDe 57531823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African Land Degradation Monitor","award":["Grant No. 01LL1701A-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 01LL1701A-D"]}]},{"name":"Ecosystem Management Support for Climate Change in Southern Africa (EMSAfrica) Project","award":["Grant No. 01LL1801D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 01LL1801D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Savannas are heterogeneous ecosystems, composed of varied spatial combinations and proportions of woody and herbaceous vegetation. Most field-based inventory and remote sensing methods fail to account for the lower stratum vegetation (i.e., shrubs and grasses), and are thus underrepresenting the carbon storage potential of savanna ecosystems. For detailed analyses at the local scale, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) has proven to be a promising remote sensing technology over the past decade. Accordingly, several review articles already exist on the use of TLS for characterizing 3D vegetation structure. However, a gap exists on the spatial concentrations of TLS studies according to biome for accurate vegetation structure estimation. A comprehensive review was conducted through a meta-analysis of 113 relevant research articles using 18 attributes. The review covered a range of aspects, including the global distribution of TLS studies, parameters retrieved from TLS point clouds and retrieval methods. The review also examined the relationship between the TLS retrieval method and the overall accuracy in parameter extraction. To date, TLS has mainly been used to characterize vegetation in temperate, boreal\/taiga and tropical forests, with only little emphasis on savannas. TLS studies in the savanna focused on the extraction of very few vegetation parameters (e.g., DBH and height) and did not consider the shrub contribution to the overall Above Ground Biomass (AGB). Future work should therefore focus on developing new and adjusting existing algorithms for vegetation parameter extraction in the savanna biome, improving predictive AGB models through 3D reconstructions of savanna trees and shrubs as well as quantifying AGB change through the application of multi-temporal TLS. The integration of data from various sources and platforms e.g., TLS with airborne LiDAR is recommended for improved vegetation parameter extraction (including AGB) at larger spatial scales. The review highlights the huge potential of TLS for accurate savanna vegetation extraction by discussing TLS opportunities, challenges and potential future research in the savanna biome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]],"date-time":"2021-01-31T21:31:56Z","timestamp":1612128716000},"page":"507","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Vegetation Analyses with a Special Focus on Savannas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2887-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasiyiwa Priscilla","family":"Muumbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Earth Observation, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-7232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jussi","family":"Baade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenia","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Schmullius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Earth Observation, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-4073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Thau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Earth Observation, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Department for Urban Development and Environment, Jena City Administration, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.517","article-title":"Tree-grass interactions in savannas","volume":"28","author":"Scholes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111855","article-title":"Spatiotemporal partitioning of savanna plant functional type productivity along NATT","volume":"246","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04070","article-title":"Determinants of woody cover in African savannas","volume":"438","author":"Sankaran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2005.01448.x","article-title":"Productivity and carbon fluxes of tropical savannas","volume":"33","author":"Grace","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutley, L.B., and Setterfield, S.A. (2018). Savanna. Encyclopedia of Ecology, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11148-0"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Galvin, K.A., and Reid, R.S. (2010). People in savanna ecosystems: Land use, change, and sustainability. Ecosystem Function in Savannas, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2012.09.004","article-title":"An African account of ecosystem service provision: Use, threats and policy options for sustainable livelihoods","volume":"2","author":"Egoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.05.008","article-title":"Environmental incomes sustained as provisioning ecosystem service availability declines along a woodland resource gradient in Zimbabwe","volume":"122","author":"Pritchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13409","article-title":"Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents","volume":"23","author":"Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.09.017","article-title":"Drivers of forage provision and erosion control in West African savannas\u2014A macroecological perspective","volume":"251","author":"Guuroh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.02549","article-title":"Humans and elephants as treefall drivers in African savannas","volume":"40","author":"Mograbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/jbi.13238","article-title":"Woody encroachment in African savannas: Towards attribution to multiple drivers and a mechanistic model","volume":"45","author":"Conradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0328","article-title":"The carbon balance of Africa: Synthesis of recent research studies","volume":"369","author":"Ciais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1071\/BT04150","article-title":"The estimation of carbon budgets of frequently burnt tree stands in savannas of northern Australia, using allometric analysis and isotopic discrimination","volume":"53","author":"Cook","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1071\/BT05181","article-title":"Carbon accounting, land management, science and policy uncertainty in Australian savanna landscapes: Introduction and overview","volume":"53","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.07.012","article-title":"Improving the prediction of African savanna vegetation variables using time series of MODIS products","volume":"131","author":"Tsalyuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2004.12.010","article-title":"Synthesis of remote sensing approaches for forest carbon estimation: Reporting to the Kyoto Protocol","volume":"8","author":"Patenaude","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Asner, G.P., Levick, S.R., and Smit, I.P.J. (2010). Remote sensing of fractional cover and biochemistry in Savannas. Ecosystem Function in Savannas: Measurement and Modeling at Landscape to Global Scales, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/14702540802425279","article-title":"Monitoring the world\u2019s savanna biomass by earth observation","volume":"124","author":"Viergever","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scott. Geogr. J."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hirata, Y., Takao, G., Sato, T., and Toriyama, J. (2012). REDD-Plus Cookbook, REDD Research and Development Centre, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, X., He, L., Cheng, Q., Long, X., and Yuan, Y. (2020). Hyperspectral and Multispectral Remote Sensing Image Fusion Based on Endmember Spatial Information. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12061009"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1259683","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing of savanna biophysical attributes: Opportunities, progress, and challenges","volume":"38","author":"Gwenzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2013.2244672","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing data analysis and future challenges","volume":"1","author":"Plaza","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.07.010","article-title":"Mapping tree species composition in South African savannas using an integrated airborne spectral and LiDAR system","volume":"125","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-015-0750-0","article-title":"A review of radar remote sensing for biomass estimation","volume":"12","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133303pp360ra","article-title":"LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117484","article-title":"On promoting the use of lidar systems in forest ecosystem research","volume":"450","author":"Beland","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16001","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.016001","article-title":"Plot-level aboveground woody biomass modeling using canopy height and auxiliary remote sensing data in a heterogeneous savanna","volume":"10","author":"Gwenzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.12.004","article-title":"Mapping the understorey of deciduous woodland from leaf-on and leaf-off airborne LiDAR data: A case study in lowland Britain","volume":"64","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"102070","article-title":"Moving from plot-based to hillslope-scale assessments of savanna vegetation structure with long-range terrestrial laser scanning (LR-TLS)","volume":"90","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauwens, S., Bartholomeus, H.M., Calders, K., and Lejeune, P. (2016). Forest Inventory with Terrestrial LiDAR: A Comparison of Static and Hand-Held Mobile Laser Scanning. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7060127"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111355","article-title":"Non-destructive tree volume estimation through quantitative structure modelling: Comparing UAV laser scanning with terrestrial LIDAR","volume":"233","author":"Brede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113823","article-title":"A critical review on unmanned aerial vehicles power supply and energy management: Solutions, strategies, and prospects","volume":"255","author":"Boukoberine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.620034","article-title":"Derivation of biomass information for semi-arid areas using remote-sensing data","volume":"33","author":"Eisfelder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1266113","article-title":"Vegetation biomass estimation with remote sensing: Focus on forest and other wooded land over the Mediterranean ecosystem","volume":"38","author":"Galidaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-011-0102-2","article-title":"The use of terrestrial LiDAR technology in forest science: Application fields, benefits and challenges","volume":"68","author":"Dassot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burt, A., Disney, M., Raumonen, P., Armston, J., Calders, K., and Lewis, P. (2013, January 21\u201326). Rapid characterisation of forest structure from TLS and 3D modelling. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium\u2014IGARSS, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Available online: http:\/\/128.197.168.195\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Burt-Disney-IGARSS.pdf.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723555"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-015-0025-5","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning for plot-scale forest measurement","volume":"1","author":"Newnham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.05.004","article-title":"Estimating leaf area distribution in savanna trees from terrestrial LiDAR measurements","volume":"151","author":"Widlowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12301","article-title":"Nondestructive estimates of above-ground biomass using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"6","author":"Calders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.3390\/f6114245","article-title":"SimpleTree\u2014An efficient open source tool to build tree models from TLS clouds","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Lemmens, M. (2011). Geo-Information: Technologies, Applications and the Environment, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.04.030","article-title":"Data acquisition considerations for Terrestrial Laser Scanning of forest plots","volume":"196","author":"Wilkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.01.006","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning in forest inventories","volume":"115","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, G., Nan, L., Chen, F., Dong, Y., Wang, Z., Li, H., and Chen, D. (2020). A new quantitative approach to tree attributes estimation based on LIDAR point clouds. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111779"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, R., and Strimbu, B.M. (2019). Comparison of mature douglas-firs\u2019 crown structures developed with two quantitative structural models using TLS point clouds for neighboring trees in a natural regime stand. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141661"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.001","article-title":"3D leaf water content mapping using terrestrial laser scanner backscatter intensity with radiometric correction","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yrttimaa, T., Saarinen, N., Kankare, V., Liang, X., Hyypp\u00e4, J., Holopainen, M., and Vastaranta, M. (2019). Investigating the feasibility of multi-scan terrestrial laser scanning to characterize tree communities in southern boreal forests. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11121423"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.01.038","article-title":"Multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning for modeling tree biomass change","volume":"318","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.02.016","article-title":"A method to quantify canopy changes using multi-temporal terrestrial lidar data: Tree response to surrounding gaps","volume":"237","author":"Olivier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.021","article-title":"International benchmarking of terrestrial laser scanning approaches for forest inventories","volume":"144","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92620Z","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2068571","article-title":"Derivation of tree stem structural parameters from static terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"9262","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lidar Remote Sens. Environ. Monit. Xiv"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2012.08.005","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning for measuring the solid wood volume, including branches, of adult standing trees in the forest environment","volume":"89","author":"Dassot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.12.006","article-title":"Aboveground total and green biomass of dryland shrub derived from terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"88","author":"Olsoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170049","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0049","article-title":"Spectral and spatial information from a novel dual-wavelength full-waveform terrestrial laser scanner for forest ecology","volume":"8","author":"Danson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calders, K., Origo, N., Burt, A., Disney, M.I., Nightingale, J., Raumonen, P., \u00c5kerblom, M., Malhi, Y., and Lewis, P. (2018). Realistic forest stand reconstruction from terrestrial LIDAR for radiative transfer modelling. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060933"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12904","article-title":"Estimation of above-ground biomass of large tropical trees with terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701736406","article-title":"Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data","volume":"29","author":"Maas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2016.1246770","article-title":"Applying terrestrial lidar for evaluation and calibration of airborne lidar-derived shrub biomass estimates in Arctic tundra","volume":"8","author":"Greaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levick, S.R., Whiteside, T., Loewensteiner, D.A., Rudge, M., and Bartolo, R. (2021). Leveraging TLS as a calibration and validation tool for MLS and ULS mapping of savanna structure and biomass at landscape-scales. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020257"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2019.100986","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanner based 3D reconstruction of trees and retrieval of leaf area index in a forest environment","volume":"53","author":"Indirabai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odipo, V.O., Nickless, A., Berger, C., Baade, J., Urbazaev, M., Walther, C., and Schmullius, C. (2016). Assessment of aboveground woody biomass dynamics using terrestrial laser scanner and L-band ALOS PALSAR Data in South African Savanna. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7120294"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.05.013","article-title":"Assessing revegetation effectiveness on an extremely degraded grassland, southern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, using terrestrial LiDAR and field data","volume":"282","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.117798","article-title":"Savanna vegetation structure in the Brazilian Cerrado allows for the accurate estimation of aboveground biomass using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"458","author":"Zimbres","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luck, L., Hutley, L.B., Calders, K., and Levick, S.R. (2020). Exploring the variability of tropical savanna tree structural allometry with terrestrial laser scanning. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12233893"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231070","article-title":"Global Decline in Large Old Trees","volume":"338","author":"Lindenmayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4995\/raet.2017.7429","article-title":"Estimation of structural attributes of walnut trees based on terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"2017","author":"Estornell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Teledetec."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20304","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120304","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning for vegetation sampling","volume":"14","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.07.023","article-title":"Distinguishing vegetation types with airborne waveform lidar data in a tropical forest-savanna mosaic: A case study in Lop\u00e9 National Park, Gabon","volume":"216","author":"Marselis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuni-Sanchez, A., White, L.J.T., Calders, K., Jeffery, K.J., Abernethy, K., Burt, A., Disney, M., Gilpin, M., Gomez-Dans, J.L., and Lewis, S.L. (2016). African savanna-forest boundary dynamics: A 20-year study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156934"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112102","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning in forest ecology: Expanding the horizon","volume":"251","author":"Calders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-019-09527-x","article-title":"Innovations in Ground and Airborne Technologies as Reference and for Training and Validation: Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS)","volume":"40","author":"Disney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2652721","article-title":"Evaluation of the range accuracy and the radiometric calibration of multiple terrestrial laser scanning instruments for data interoperability","volume":"55","author":"Calders","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Clarivate Analytics (2020, September 23). Web of Science Core Collection. Web Sci., Available online: https:\/\/apps.webofknowledge.com\/WOS_GeneralSearch_input.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&SID=F2RTSaN12sn1d9ppMkH&preferencesSaved=."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4010001","article-title":"Retrieving forest inventory variables with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in urban heterogeneous forest","volume":"4","author":"Moskal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.10.041","article-title":"Measurement of fine-spatial-resolution 3D vegetation structure with airborne waveform lidar: Calibration and validation with voxelised terrestrial lidar","volume":"188","author":"Hancock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K., Zhang, W., Shen, F., and Cheng, X. (2018). Investigation of TLS intensity data and distance measurement errors from target specular reflections. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10071077"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aijazi, A.K., Checchin, P., Malaterre, L., and Trassoudaine, L. (2017). Automatic detection and parameter estimation of trees for forest inventory applications using 3D terrestrial LiDAR. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090946"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.01.029","article-title":"Variability and bias in active and passive ground-based measurements of effective plant, wood and leaf area index","volume":"252","author":"Calders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2205003","article-title":"Retrieval of effective leaf area index in heterogeneous forests with terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-2-W1-99-2013","article-title":"Analysis of the Influence of Distance on Data Acquisition Intensity Forestry Targets by a LIDAR Technique with Terrestrial Laser Scanner","volume":"XL-2\/W1","author":"Bordin","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B8-643-2016","article-title":"TLS field data based intensity correction for forest environments","volume":"41","author":"Heinzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94094","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.9.094094","article-title":"Intensity data correction based on incidence angle and distance for terrestrial laser scanner","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.742211","article-title":"Bias in lidar-based canopy gap fraction estimates","volume":"4","author":"Vaccari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160902882587","article-title":"Estimating tree and stand variables in a Corsican Pine woodland from terrestrial laser scanner data","volume":"30","author":"Tansey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6054323","article-title":"Tree stem and height measurements using terrestrial laser scanning and the RANSAC algorithm","volume":"6","author":"Olofsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.02.007","article-title":"LiDAR canopy radiation model reveals patterns of photosynthetic partitioning in an Arctic shrub","volume":"221","author":"Magney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2443553","article-title":"Retrieval and Accuracy Assessment of Tree and Stand Parameters for Chinese Fir Plantation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2291815","article-title":"A structure-aware global optimization method for reconstructing 3-D tree models from terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105747","article-title":"Estimation of degraded grassland aboveground biomass using machine learning methods from terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02514","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2514","article-title":"Variability in fire-induced change to vegetation physiognomy and biomass in semi-arid savanna","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.82","article-title":"Measuring plot scale woodland structure using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"4","author":"Muir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Terrestrial ecoregions of the worlds: A new map of life on Earth","volume":"51","author":"Olson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201877","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning as an effective tool to retrieve tree level height, crown width, and stem diameter","volume":"7","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331337961","article-title":"Measuring forest structure with terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"26","author":"Watt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.1125","article-title":"Tree structure vs. height from terrestrial laser scanning and quantitative structure models","volume":"48","author":"Krooks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.11.027","article-title":"Measuring stem diameters with TLS in boreal forests by complementary fitting procedure","volume":"147","author":"Raumonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.734931","article-title":"Stem biomass estimation based on stem reconstruction from terrestrial laser scanning point clouds","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.02.019","article-title":"Estimating architecture-based metabolic scaling exponents of tropical trees using terrestrial LiDAR and 3D modelling","volume":"439","author":"Lau","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.05.011","article-title":"Semi-automatic extraction of liana stems from terrestrial LiDAR point clouds of tropical rainforests","volume":"154","author":"Moorthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170043","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0043","article-title":"Bounding uncertainty in volumetric geometric models for terrestrial lidar observations of ecosystems","volume":"8","author":"Paynter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH (2020, September 30). RIEGL\u2014About RIEGL. Available online: http:\/\/www.riegl.com\/company\/about-riegl\/."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"FARO Technologies Inc (2020, September 30). High-Precision 3D Acquisition, Measurement and Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.faro.com\/de-de\/faro-im-uberblick\/."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Leica Geosystems (2020, September 30). When it has to be Right|Leica Geosystems. Available online: https:\/\/leica-geosystems.com\/."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98320","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2223929","article-title":"Simulated full-waveform lidar compared to Riegl VZ-400 terrestrial laser scans","volume":"9832","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laser Radar Technol. Appl. XXI"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Phinn, S., Johansen, K., Robson, A., Muir, J., and Searle, C. (2018). Estimating Changes in Leaf Area, Leaf Area Density, and Vertical Leaf Area Profile for Mango, Avocado, and Macadamia Tree Crowns Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111750"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.04.008","article-title":"An automated approach for wood-leaf separation from terrestrial LIDAR point clouds using the density based clustering algorithm DBSCAN","volume":"262","author":"Ferrara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170045","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0045","article-title":"Non-intersecting leaf insertion algorithm for tree structure models","volume":"8","author":"Raumonen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40663-019-0203-1","article-title":"Quantification of occlusions influencing the tree stem curve retrieving from single-scan terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"6","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.09.034","article-title":"Estimating vegetation biomass and cover across large plots in shrub and grass dominated drylands using terrestrial lidar and machine learning","volume":"84","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.013","article-title":"Semi-direct tree reconstruction using terrestrial LiDAR point cloud data","volume":"208","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v114\/i01\/201-206","article-title":"Automatic estimation of tree stem attributes using terrestrial laser scanning in central Indian dry deciduous forests","volume":"114","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-8-117-2016","article-title":"The Effect of Wind on Tree Stem Parameter Estimation Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"III-8","author":"Vaaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"213","article-title":"Using terrestrial laser scanning to measure forest inventory parameters in a mediterranean coniferous stand of western Greece","volume":"85","author":"Ghimire","year":"2017","journal-title":"PFG-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Geoinf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aecr.2019.06.003","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning reveals temporal changes in biodiversity mechanisms driving grassland productivity","volume":"61","author":"Weigelt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH (2017). RIEGL VZ-400, RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"Leica Geosystems (2020, October 06). Leica HDS6100 Latest Generation of Ultra-High Speed Laser Scanner. Available online: https:\/\/w3.leica-geosystems.com\/downloads123\/hds\/hds\/HDS6100\/brochures\/Leica_HDS6100_brochure_us.pdf."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH (2017). RIEGL VZ-1000, RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"FARO Technologies Inc (2013). FARO Focus 3D Features, Benefits & Technical Specifications, FARO Technologies, Inc.. Available online: http:\/\/www.faro.com\/en-us\/products\/3d-surveying\/faro-focus3d\/overview."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"FARO Technologies Inc (2013). FARO Laser Scanner Focus 3D X 330 Features, Benefits & Technical Specifications, FARO Technologies, Inc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinzel, J., and Huber, M.O. (2016). Detecting tree stems from volumetric tls data in forest environments with rich understory. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010009"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111836","article-title":"Mitigating occlusion effects in Leaf Area Density estimates from Terrestrial LiDAR through a specific kriging method","volume":"245","author":"Soma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2803110","article-title":"Improved biomass calibration and validation with terrestrial lidar: Implications for future LiDAR and SAR missions","volume":"11","author":"Stovall","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcr064","article-title":"Reconstruction and analysis of a deciduous sapling using digital photographs or terrestrial-LiDAR technology","volume":"108","author":"Delagrange","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.11.041","article-title":"Methods for LiDAR-based estimation of extensive grassland biomass","volume":"156","author":"Hensgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, S.D., Roy, D., Schaaf, C., and Paynter, I. (2017). Examination of the potential of terrestrial laser scanning and structure-from-motion photogrammetry for rapid nondestructive field measurement of grass biomass. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060531"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.023","article-title":"Multi-temporal fine-scale modelling of Larix decidua forest plots using terrestrial LiDAR and hemispherical photographs","volume":"206","author":"Bremer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580410019562","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of stems for assessment of taper, sweep and lean based on laser scanning of standing trees","volume":"19","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K., and Cheng, X. (2016). Correction of incidence angle and distance effects on TLS intensity data based on reference targets. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030251"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/s90402719","article-title":"Retrieving Leaf Area Index (LAI) Using Remote Sensing: Theories, Methods and Sensors","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.018","article-title":"Validation of a functional-structural tree model using terrestrial Lidar data","volume":"357","author":"Beyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaRue, E.A., Wagner, F.W., Fei, S., Atkins, J.W., Fahey, R.T., Gough, C., and Hardiman, B.S. (2020). Compatibility of Aerial and Terrestrial LiDAR for Quantifying Forest Structural Diversity. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0339.v1"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oveland, I., Hauglin, M., Gobakken, T., Naesset, E., and Maalen-Johansen, I. (2017). Automatic estimation of tree position and stem diameter using a moving terrestrial laser scanner. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040350"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107766","article-title":"An intensity, image-based method to estimate gap fraction, canopy openness and effective leaf area index from phase-shift terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"280","author":"Grotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3102207","article-title":"Analysis of incidence angle and distance effects on terrestrial laser scanner intensity: Search for correction methods","volume":"3","author":"Kaasalainen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Xiangyu, W., Donghui, X., Guangjian, Y., Wuming, Z., Yan, W., and Yiming, C. (2014, January 13\u201318). 3D reconstruction of a single tree from terrestrial LiDAR data. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Quebec City, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15661","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715661","article-title":"New Hybrid Algorithms for estimating tree stem diameters at breast height using a two dimensional terrestrial laser scanner","volume":"15","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2416001","article-title":"Single-scan stem reconstruction using low-resolution terrestrial laser scanner data","volume":"8","author":"Kelbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.03.020","article-title":"Three-dimensional forest reconstruction and structural parameter retrievals using a terrestrial full-waveform lidar instrument (Echidna\u00ae)","volume":"135","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"638","article-title":"Integrating Airborne LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanner forest parameters for accurate above-ground biomass\/carbon estimation in Ayer Hitam tropical forest, Malaysia","volume":"73","author":"Bazezew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Riegl (2020, December 18). Training Material for RIEGL VZ-400 8. Project Planning., Available online: www.riegl.com:."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.023","article-title":"Estimating aboveground biomass and leaf area of low-stature Arctic shrubs with terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"164","author":"Greaves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Pan, Z., and Li, P. (2019). A 3D point cloud filtering method for leaves based on manifold distance and normal estimation. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020198"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2017.05.009","article-title":"A review of algorithms for filtering the 3D point cloud","volume":"57","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Process. Image Commun."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirton, A., Scholes, B., Verstraete, M.M., Archibald, S., Mennell, K., Asner, G., Nickless, A., Scholes, R., and Asner, G.P. (2009, January 12\u201317). Detailed structural characterisation of the savanna flux site at Skukuza, South Africa. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5418037"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.03.022","article-title":"Implications of sensor configuration and topography on vertical plant profiles derived from terrestrial LiDAR","volume":"194","author":"Calders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13121","article-title":"Extracting individual trees from lidar point clouds using treeseg","volume":"10","author":"Burt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3906\/tar-1805-5","article-title":"Individual tree measurements in a planted woodland with terrestrial laser scanner","volume":"43","author":"Yurtseven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.09.026","article-title":"Fine-scale three-dimensional modeling of boreal forest plots to improve forest characterization with remote sensing","volume":"219","author":"Fournier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Schaaf, C., Strahler, A., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Yao, T., Zhao, F., Saenz, E., Paynter, I., and Douglas, E.S. (2013, January 21\u201326). Studying canopy structure through 3-D reconstruction of point clouds from full-waveform terrestrial lidar. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium-IGARSS, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723552"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-018-1704-1","article-title":"Quantifying branch architecture of tropical trees using terrestrial LiDAR and 3D modelling","volume":"32","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, A., Calders, K., Bartholomeus, H.M., Martius, C., Raumonen, P., Herold, M., Vicari, M.B., Sukhdeo, H., Singh, J., and Goodman, R.C. (2019). Tree Biomass equations from terrestrial LiDAR: A Case study in Guyana. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10060527"},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"Isenburg, M. (2020, October 28). LAStools-Efficient LiDAR Processing Software. Available online: https:\/\/rapidlasso.com\/lastools\/."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"MathWorks (2020, October 28). MATLAB-MathWorks-MATLAB & Simulink. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/matlab.html."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"The R Foundation (2020, October 28). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Python Software Foundation (2020, October 28). Welcome to Python.org. Available online: https:\/\/www.python.org\/."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Leica Geosystems (2021, January 28). Leica Cyclone 3D Point Cloud Processing Software, Available online: http:\/\/leica-geosystems.com\/products\/laser-scanners\/software\/leica-cyclone."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"FARO Technologies Inc (2020, October 28). SCENE\u2014The Most Intuitive Data Scan Software|FARO Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/www.faro.com\/products\/construction-bim\/faro-scene\/."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH (2020, October 28). RIEGL\u2014RiSCAN PRO. Available online: http:\/\/www.riegl.com\/products\/software-packages\/riscan-pro\/."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Computree Group (2020, October 28). The Computree Platform|Computree\u2014Official Site. Available online: http:\/\/computree.onf.fr\/?page_id=42."},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"Girardeau-Montaut, D. (2003). CloudCompare, \u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France S.A. (EDF) R&D."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popovas, D., Mikalauskas, V., \u0160likas, D., Valotka, S., and \u0160orys, T. (2017, January 27\u201328). Individual tree parameters estimation from terrestrial laser scanner data. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference Environmental Engineering, ICEE, Vilnius, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.3846\/enviro.2017.230"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-027","article-title":"Retrieving crown leaf area index from an individual tree using ground-based lidar data","volume":"34","author":"Moorthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.028","article-title":"Detecting and quantifying standing dead tree structural loss with reconstructed tree models using voxelized terrestrial lidar data","volume":"209","author":"Putman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, A., Kajiwara, K., Honda, Y., Watanabe, M., Enoki, T., Yamaguchi, Y., and Kobayashi, T. (2014, January 13\u201318). Efficient field data collection of tropical forest using terrestrial laser scanner. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946549"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Z., Hopkinson, C., and Chasmer, L. (2016). Automating plot-level stem analysis from terrestrial laser scanning. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7110252"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Feng, Z., Chen, P., Khan, T.U., and Lian, Y. (2019). Nondestructive estimation of the above-ground biomass of multiple tree species in boreal forests of china using terrestrial laser scanning. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10110936"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Zhou, G., Wei, H., and Zhang, X. (2018, January 22\u201327). Estimation of the Plot-Level Forest Parameters from Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2018-2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8518529"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.10.007","article-title":"Segmenting tree crowns from terrestrial and mobile LiDAR data by exploring ecological theories","volume":"110","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-057","article-title":"Shrub characterization using terrestrial laser scanning and implications for airborne LiDAR assessment","volume":"38","author":"Vierling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Wan, P., Wang, T., Cai, S., Chen, Y., Jin, X., and Yan, G. (2019). A Novel Approach for the Detection of Standing Tree Stems from Plot-Level Terrestrial Laser Scanning Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020211"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollob, C., Ritter, T., Wassermann, C., and Nothdurft, A. (2019). Influence of scanner position and plot size on the accuracy of tree detection and diameter estimation using terrestrial laser scanning on forest inventory plots. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131602"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-018-0753-7","article-title":"Automatic Tree Identification and Diameter Estimation Using Single Scan Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data in Central Indian Forests","volume":"46","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"FAO (2020, December 03). Knowledge Reference for National Forest Assessments\u2014Modeling for Estimation and Monitoring. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/forestry\/17109\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6053906","article-title":"Change detection of tree biomass with terrestrial laser scanning and quantitative structure modelling","volume":"6","author":"Kaasalainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170048","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2017.0048","article-title":"Weighing trees with lasers: Advances, challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Disney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020491","article-title":"Fast Automatic Precision Tree Models from Terrestrial Laser Scanner Data","volume":"5","author":"Raumonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Madhibha, T.P. (2016, February 28). ASSESSMENT OF ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS WITH TERRESTRIAL LiDAR USING 3D QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE MODELLING IN TROPICAL RAIN FOREST OF AYER HITAM FOREST RESERVE, MALAYSIA. Available online: http:\/\/www.itc.nl\/library\/papers_2016\/msc\/nrm\/madhibha.pdf."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olofsson, K., and Holmgren, J. (2016). Single tree stem profile detection using terrestrial laser scanner data, flatness saliency features and curvature properties. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7090207"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-822X.2003.00010.x","article-title":"Above-ground biomass estimation in closed canopy Neotropical forests using lidar remote sensing: Factors","volume":"12","author":"Drake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.06.005","article-title":"Aboveground biomass estimates of sagebrush using terrestrial and airborne LiDAR data in a dryland ecosystem","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.10.034","article-title":"Estimation of big sagebrush leaf area index with terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"61","author":"Olsoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.08.034","article-title":"Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: Its definition and measurement","volume":"218","author":"McElhinny","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"72","article-title":"A fine-scale architectural model of trees to enhance LiDAR-derived measurements of forest canopy structure","volume":"166\u2013167","author":"Fournier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.01.006","article-title":"Estimation of timber volume and stem density based on scanning laser altimetry and expected tree size distribution functions","volume":"90","author":"Maltamo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2018.07.032","article-title":"Assessing the structural differences between tropical forest types using Terrestrial Laser Scanning","volume":"429","author":"Decuyper","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873106","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2015963","article-title":"Reconstruction of 3D tree stem models from low-cost terrestrial laser scanner data","volume":"8731","author":"Kelbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laser Radar Technol. Appl. XVIII"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.26","article-title":"Observing ecosystems with lightweight, rapid-scanning terrestrial lidar scanners","volume":"2","author":"Paynter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic extraction of tree stem models from single terrestrial lidar scans in structurally heterogeneous forest environments","volume":"2012","author":"Kelbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Silvilaser"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tfp.2020.100050","article-title":"Allometric equations, wood density and partitioning of aboveground biomass in the arboretum of Ruhande, Rwanda","volume":"3","author":"Mukuralinda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trees For. People"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLI-B3-411-2016","article-title":"Fast and robust stem reconstruction in complex environments using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Dai, T., Li, H., Liao, C., Teng, W., Hu, Q., Ma, W., and Xu, Y. (2019). A Novel Tree Height Extraction Approach for Individual Trees by Combining TLS and UAV Image-Based Point Cloud Integration. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10070537"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1127(93)90192-P","article-title":"Estimation of tree canopy leaf area index by gap fraction analysis","volume":"61","author":"Martens","year":"1993","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"96","article-title":"Application of terrestrial LiDAR and modelling of tree branching structure for plantscaling models in tropical forest trees","volume":"2015","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. SilviLaser"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W12-79-2011","article-title":"Approximation of Volume and Branch Size Distribution of Trees from Laser Scanner Data","volume":"5","author":"Raumonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS\u2014Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.07.009","article-title":"The rate and spatial pattern of treefall in a savanna landscape","volume":"157","author":"Levick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/3\/507\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:18:00Z","timestamp":1760159880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/3\/507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13030507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13030507","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,31]]}}}