{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:46:15Z","timestamp":1760233575928,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["275503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["275503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) are distinct radar echoes from the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere between 80 to 90 km altitude that form in layers typically extending only a few km in altitude and often with a wavy structure. The structure is linked to the formation process, which at present is not yet fully understood. Image analysis of PMSE data can help carry out systematic studies to characterize PMSE during different ionospheric and atmospheric conditions. In this paper, we analyze PMSE observations recorded using the European Incoherent SCATter (EISCAT) Very High Frequency (VHF) radar. The collected data comprises of 18 observations from different days. In our analysis, the image data is divided into regions of a fixed size and grouped into three categories: PMSE, ionosphere, and noise. We use statistical features from the image regions and employ Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for classification. Our results suggest that PMSE regions can be distinguished from ionosphere and noise with around 98 percent accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13030522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T05:44:42Z","timestamp":1612244682000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes Using Linear Discriminant Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Jozwicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, Sykehusvegen 21, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puneet","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Process Engineering, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Teknologibygget, Klokkarg\u00e5rdsbakken 35, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2805-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Forskningsparken, Sykehusvegen 21, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.1029\/JA086iA09p07775","article-title":"Long-term observations of the Arctic mesosphere with the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska","volume":"86","author":"Ecklund","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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