{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:23:00Z","timestamp":1769116980599,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a fully automatic method addressing tree mapping and parameter extraction (tree position, stem diameter at breast height, stem curve, and tree height) from terrestrial laser scans in forest inventories. The algorithm is designed to detect trees of various sizes and architectures, produce smooth yet accurate stem curves, and achieve tree height estimates in multi-layered stands, all without employing constraints on the shape of the crown. The algorithm also aims to balance estimation accuracy and computational complexity. The method\u2019s tree detection combines voxel operations and stem surface filtering based on scanning point density. Stem diameters are obtained by creating individual taper models, while tree heights are estimated from the segmentation of tree crowns in the voxel-space. Twenty-four sample plots representing diverse forest structures in the south boreal region of Finland have been assessed from single- and multiple terrestrial laser scans. The mean percentages of completeness in stem detection over all stand complexity categories are 50.9% and 68.5% from single and multiple scans, respectively, while the mean root mean square error (RMSE) of the stem curve estimates ranges from \u00b11.7 to \u00b12.3 cm, all of which demonstrates the robustness of the algorithm. Efforts were made to accurately locate tree tops by segmenting individual crowns. Nevertheless, with a mean bias of \u22122.9 m from single scans and \u22121.3 m from multiple scans, the algorithm proved conservative in tree height estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Voxel-Based Automatic Tree Detection and Parameter Retrieval from Terrestrial Laser Scans for Plot-Wise Forest Inventory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Brolly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, Institute of Geomatics and Civil Engineering, University of Sopron, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky 4, H-9400 Sopron, Hungary"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9za","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, Institute of Geomatics and Civil Engineering, University of Sopron, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky 4, H-9400 Sopron, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Lehtom\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1585-2340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinlian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation and Future Prospects of Terrestrial Laser-Scanning for Standardized Forest Inventories","volume":"2","author":"Thies","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701736406","article-title":"Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data","volume":"29","author":"Maas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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