{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:58:11Z","timestamp":1780531091377,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M663073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M663073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"General Project of Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission","award":["JCYJ20190808120005713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190808120005713"]}]},{"name":"the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Regional Joint Foundation","award":["2019A1515111163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515111163"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Scientific Research and Development Funding Program","award":["KQJSCX20180328093453763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQJSCX20180328093453763"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Scientific Research and Development Funding Program","award":["JCYJ20180305125101282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20180305125101282"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010226","name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018KTSCX196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018KTSCX196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technique has been applied in monitoring the deformation of infrastructures, such as bridges, highways, railways and subways. Persistent scatterer (PS)-InSAR is one of the InSAR techniques, which utilises persistent scatterers to derive long-term displacements. This study applied time-series methods to post-process the PS-InSAR-derived time-series displacements with the use of 86 Sentinel-1A acquisitions spanning from 6 January 2018 to 27 November 2020. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and seasonal and trend decomposition using loess (STL) were combined to estimate the seasonal component of the total time-series displacements. Then, a temperature correlation map was generated by correlating the seasonal component with the temperature variation. Results show that the thermal expansion phenomenon is pronounced on the buildings of the Zhuhai\u2013Macao Passenger Terminal as well as the bridge and road connecting to the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), while it is less obviously observed at the main Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB). In addition, sudden changes between subsidence and uplift can be detected through the p-values derived by applying the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test to the residual signals after removing the linear and seasonal components from the original ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T20:31:51Z","timestamp":1612384311000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Time-Series Analysis on Persistent Scatter-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) Derived Displacements of the Hong Kong\u2013Zhuhai\u2013Macao Bridge (HZMB) from Sentinel-1A Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1054-121X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siting","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"School of Architecture &amp; Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"School of Architecture &amp; Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bochen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area &amp; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics &amp; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 03). 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