{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T15:07:25Z","timestamp":1767971245620,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous measuring of the vertical profile of water vapor in the boundary layer using a commercially available differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has only recently been made possible. Since September 2018, a new pre-production version of the Vaisala DIAL system has operated at the Iqaluit supersite (63.74\u00b0N, 68.51\u00b0W), commissioned by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) as part of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science project. This study presents its evaluation during the extremely dry conditions experienced in the Arctic by comparing it with coincident radiosonde and Raman lidar observations. Comparisons over a one year period were strongly correlated (r &gt; 0.8 at almost all heights) and exhibited an average bias of +0.13 \u00b1 0.01 g\/kg (DIAL-sonde) and +0.18 \u00b1 0.02 g\/kg (DIAL-Raman). Larger differences exhibiting distinct artifacts were found between 250 and 400 m above ground level (AGL). The DIAL\u2019s observations were also used to conduct a verification case study of operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models during the World Meteorological Organization\u2019s Year of Polar Prediction. Comparisons to ECCC\u2019s global environmental multiscale model (GEM-2.5 km and GEM-10 km) indicate good agreement with an average bias &lt; 0.16 g\/kg for the higher-resolution (GEM-2.5 km) models. All models performed significantly better during the winter than the summer, likely due to the winter\u2019s lower water vapor concentrations and decreased variability. This study provides evidence in favor of using high temporal resolution lidar water vapor profile measurements to complement radiosonde observations and for NWP model verification and process studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T21:29:27Z","timestamp":1612474167000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of Arctic Water Vapor Profile Observations from a Differential Absorption Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9368-5659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zen","family":"Mariani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Hicks-Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Strawbridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Gwozdecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Casati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Lemay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meteorological Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON M3H-5T4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Raisa","family":"Lehtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaisala Oyj, 01670 Vantaa, Finland"}]},{"given":"Pekko","family":"Tuominen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaisala Oyj, 01670 Vantaa, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L20704","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL035333","article-title":"Water vapor climate feedback inferred from climate fluctuations, 2003\u20132008","volume":"35","author":"Dessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. 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