{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:03:01Z","timestamp":1781280181840,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFB2102903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB2102903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)","award":["CUG190624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUG190624"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701410; 41601298; 41701511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701410; 41601298; 41701511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have shown significant improvements in remote sensing image scene classification for powerful feature representations. However, because of the high variance and volume limitations of the available remote sensing datasets, DCNNs are prone to overfit the data used for their training. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel scene classification framework based on a deep Siamese convolutional network with rotation invariance regularization. Specifically, we design a data augmentation strategy for the Siamese model to learn a rotation invariance DCNN model that is achieved by directly enforcing the labels of the training samples before and after rotating to be mapped close to each other. In addition to the cross-entropy cost function for the traditional CNN models, we impose a rotation invariance regularization constraint on the objective function of our proposed model. The experimental results obtained using three publicly-available scene classification datasets show that the proposed method can generally improve the classification performance by 2~3% and achieves satisfactory classification performance compared with some state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,7]],"date-time":"2021-02-07T14:04:13Z","timestamp":1612706653000},"page":"569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Rotation Invariance Regularization for Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9954-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunlun","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuli","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonglin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil and Water Conservation Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIESMARS, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2675998","article-title":"Remote sensing image scene classification: Benchmark and state of the art","volume":"105","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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