{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:47:02Z","timestamp":1766137622712,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric-chemical coupled models usually parameterize sea-salt aerosol (SSA) emissions using whitecap fraction estimated considering only wind speed and ignoring sea state. This approach may introduce inaccuracies in SSA simulation. This study aims to assess the impact of sea state on SSA modeling, applying a new parameterization for whitecap fraction estimation based on wave age, calculated by the ratio between wave phase velocity and wind speed. To this end, the new parameterization was incorporated in the coupled Chemical Hydrological Atmospheric Ocean wave modeling System (CHAOS). CHAOS encompasses the wave model (WAM) two-way coupled through the OASIS3-MCT coupler with the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-ARW-Chem) and, thus, enabling the concurrent simulation of SSAs, wind speed and wave phase velocity. The simulation results were evaluated against in-situ and lidar measurements at 2 stations in Greece (Finokalia on 4 and 15 July 2014 and Antikythera-PANGEA on 15 September 2018). The results reveal significant differences between the parameterizations with the new one offering a more realistic representation of SSA levels in some layers of the lower atmosphere. This is attributed to the enhancement of the bubble-bursting mechanism representation with air-sea processes controlling whitecap fraction. Our findings also highlight the contribution of fresh wind-generated waves to SSA modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T04:33:46Z","timestamp":1612931626000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Assessing Sea-State Effects on Sea-Salt Aerosol Modeling in the Lower Atmosphere Using Lidar and In-Situ Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7929-9452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Varlas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2631-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Marinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Physics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gialitaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Siomos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsarpalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Kalivitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Solomos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, 10680 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Tsekeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3074-3230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Spyrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tsichla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8453-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kampouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8862-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilis","family":"Vervatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Giannakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Vassilis","family":"Amiridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, 10560 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Mihalopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 15236 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4441-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7452-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Katsafados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeuw, D.G., Andreas, E.L., Anguelova, M.D., Fairall, C.W., Lewis, E.R., O\u2019Dowd, C., Schulz, M., and Schwartz, S.E. 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