{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T01:40:29Z","timestamp":1761788429115,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-05-00509a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-05-00509a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global Navigation Satellite Systems have been extensively used to investigate the ionosphere response to various natural and man-made phenomena for the last three decades. However, ionospheric reaction to volcano eruptions is still insufficiently studied and understood. In this work we analyzed the ionospheric response to the 11\u201316 June 2009 VEI class 4 Sarychev Peak volcano eruption by using surrounding Russian and Japanese GPS networks. Prominent covolcanictotal electron content (TEC)ionospheric disturbances (CVIDs) with amplitudes and periods ranged between 0.03\u20130.15 TECU and 2.5\u20134.5 min were discovered for the three eruptive events occurred at 18:51 UT, 14 June; at 01:15 and 09:18 UT, 15 June 2009. The estimates of apparent CVIDs velocities vary within 700\u20131000 m\/s in the far-field zone (300\u2013900 km to the southwest from the volcano) and 1300\u20131800 m\/s in close proximity toSarychev Peak. The characteristics of the observed TEC variations allow us to attribute them to acoustic mode. The south-southwestward direction is preferred for CVIDs propagation. We concluded that the ionospheric response to a volcano eruption is mainly determined by a ratio between explosion strength and background ionization level. Some evidence of secondary (F2-layer) CVIDs\u2019 source eccentric location were obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Investigation of Ionospheric Response to June 2009 Sarychev Peak Volcano Eruption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-9684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Shestakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining and Oil-Gas, Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Applied Mathematics, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Orlyakovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining and Oil-Gas, Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Perevalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Titkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamchatka Branch of Geophysical Survey of Russian Academy of Sciences, 683023 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia"}]},{"given":"Danila","family":"Chebrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamchatka Branch of Geophysical Survey of Russian Academy of Sciences, 683023 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia"}]},{"given":"Mako","family":"Ohzono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0600810, Japan"},{"name":"Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1130032, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0600810, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Wasle, E. 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