{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:10:28Z","timestamp":1772554228102,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program","award":["2019QZKK0608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QZKK0608"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatiotemporal fusion (STF) is considered a feasible and cost-effective way to deal with the trade-off between the spatial and temporal resolution of satellite sensors, and to generate satellite images with high spatial and high temporal resolutions. This is achieved by fusing two types of satellite images, i.e., images with fine temporal but rough spatial resolution, and images with fine spatial but rough temporal resolution. Numerous STF methods have been proposed, however, it is still a challenge to predict both abrupt landcover change, and phenological change, accurately. Meanwhile, robustness to radiation differences between multi-source satellite images is crucial for the effective application of STF methods. Aiming to solve the abovementioned problems, in this paper we propose a hybrid deep learning-based STF method (HDLSFM). The method formulates a hybrid framework for robust fusion with phenological and landcover change information with minimal input requirements, and in which a nonlinear deep learning-based relative radiometric normalization, a deep learning-based superresolution, and a linear-based fusion are combined to address radiation differences between different types of satellite images, landcover, and phenological change prediction. Four comparative experiments using three popular STF methods, i.e., spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM), flexible spatiotemporal data fusion (FSDAF), and Fit-FC, as benchmarks demonstrated the effectiveness of the HDLSFM in predicting phenological and landcover change. Meanwhile, HDLSFM is robust for radiation differences between different types of satellite images and the time interval between the prediction and base dates, which ensures its effectiveness in the generation of fused time-series data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Spatiotemporal Fusion Method for Combining Satellite Images with Different Resolutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Duo","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Changxiu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9126-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2337-6209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Geodata and Analysis, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Monitoring land surface albedo and vegetation dynamics using high spatial and temporal resolution synthetic time series from Landsat and the MODIS BRDF\/NBAR\/albedo product","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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