{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T17:58:19Z","timestamp":1767117499514,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010686","name":"H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic surveying is a widely used and cost-efficient remote sensing method for the detection of subsurface structures at all scales. Traditionally, magnetic surveying has been conducted as ground or airborne surveys, which are cheap and provide large-scale consistent data coverage, respectively. However, ground surveys are often incomplete and slow, whereas airborne surveys suffer from being inflexible, expensive and characterized by a reduced signal-to-noise ratio, due to increased sensor-to-source distance. With the rise of reliable and affordable survey-grade Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and the developments of light-weight magnetometers, the shortcomings of traditional magnetic surveying systems may be bypassed by a carefully designed UAV-borne magnetometer system. Here, we present a study on the development and testing of a light-weight scalar field UAV-integrated magnetometer bird system (the CMAGTRES-S100). The idea behind the CMAGTRES-S100 is the need for a high-speed and flexible system that is easily transported in the field without a car, deployable in most terrain and weather conditions, and provides high-quality scalar data in an operationally efficient manner and at ranges comparable to sub-regional scale helicopter-borne magnetic surveys. We discuss various steps in the development, including (i) choice of sensor based on sensor specifications and sensor stability tests, (ii) design considerations of the bird, (iii) operational efficiency and flexibility and (iv) output data quality. The current CMAGTRES-S100 system weighs \u223c5.9 kg (including the UAV) and has an optimal surveying speed of 50 km\/h. The system was tested along a complex coastal setting in Brittany, France, targeting mafic dykes and fault contacts with magnetite infill and magnetite nuggets (skarns). A 2.0 \u00d7 0.3 km area was mapped with a 10 m line-spacing by four sub-surveys (due to regulatory restrictions). The sub-surveys were completed in 3.5 h, including &gt;2 h for remobilisation and the safety clearance of the area. A noise-level of \u00b10.02 nT was obtained and several of the key geological structures were mapped by the system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T16:12:10Z","timestamp":1613146330000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A High-Speed, Light-Weight Scalar Magnetometer Bird for km Scale UAV Magnetic Surveying: On Sensor Choice, Bird Design, and Quality of Output Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arne","family":"D\u00f8ssing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CMAGTRES, Geomagnetism, DTU Space, Technical University Denmark, Centrifugevej 356, 2850 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"DTU CERE, Technical University Denmark, 2850 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Lima Simoes da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMAGTRES, Geomagnetism, DTU Space, Technical University Denmark, Centrifugevej 356, 2850 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"DTU CERE, Technical University Denmark, 2850 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4922-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Martelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res (BRGM), 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1629-2920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorkild","family":"Maack Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering Lule\u00e5 Technical University, 971 87 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8663-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Gloaguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res (BRGM), 45060 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Thejll Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMAGTRES, Geomagnetism, DTU Space, Technical University Denmark, Centrifugevej 356, 2850 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geodesy and Earth Observation, DTU Space, Elektrovej 328, 2850 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordell, L., and Grauch, V. (1985). Mapping basement magnetization zones from aeromagnetic data in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, Society of Exploration Geophysicists.","DOI":"10.1190\/1.0931830346.ch16"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1442726","article-title":"Aeromagnetic gradiometer program of the Geological Survey of Canada","volume":"8","author":"Hood","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isles, D.J., and Rankin, L.R. (2013). 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