{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:10Z","timestamp":1787029450055,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012783","name":"Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Convenzione DPC-ISAC\/CNR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Convenzione DPC-ISAC\/CNR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012783","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)","award":["PON ARS01 00405 OT4CLIMA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON ARS01 00405 OT4CLIMA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010560","name":"EUMETSAT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Third Continuous Development and Operation Phase (CDOP-3) of the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for Hydrology and Water Management (H SAF) program."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Third Continuous Development and Operation Phase (CDOP-3) of the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for Hydrology and Water Management (H SAF) program."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lightning data assimilation (LDA) is a powerful tool to improve the weather forecast of convective events and has been widely applied with this purpose in the past two decades. Most of these applications refer to events hitting coastal and land areas, where people live. However, a weather forecast over the sea has many important practical applications, and this paper focuses on the impact of LDA on the precipitation forecast over the central Mediterranean Sea around Italy. The 3 h rapid update cycle (RUC) configuration of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model) has been used to simulate the whole month of November 2019. Two sets of forecasts have been considered: CTRL, without lightning data assimilation, and LIGHT, which assimilates data from the LIghtning detection NETwork (LINET). The 3 h precipitation forecast has been compared with observations of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) (IMERG) dataset and with rain gauge observations recorded in six small Italian islands. The comparison of CTRL and LIGHT precipitation forecasts with the IMERG dataset shows a positive impact of LDA. The correlation between predicted and observed precipitation improves over wide areas of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas when LDA is applied. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the whole domain increases from 0.59 to 0.67, and the anomaly correlation (AC) improves by 5% over land and by 8% over the sea when lightning is assimilated. The impact of LDA on the 3 h precipitation forecast over six small islands is also positive. LDA improves the forecast by both decreasing the false alarms and increasing the hits of the precipitation forecast, although with variability among the islands. The case study of 12 November 2019 (time interval 00\u201303 UTC) has been used to show how important the impact of LDA can be in practice. In particular, the shifting of the main precipitation pattern from land to the sea caused by LDA gives a much better representation of the precipitation field observed by the IMERG precipitation product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1613282089000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation on the Short-Term Precipitation Forecast over the Central Mediterranean Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5461-9728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Claudia","family":"Torcasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7890-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Federico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Comellas Prat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Strada Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5170-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Panegrossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo Pio","family":"D'Adderio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-365X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy\u2014Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-169-2017","article-title":"Evaluating the streamflow simulation capability of PERSIANN-CDR daily rainfall products in two river basins on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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