{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:49:10Z","timestamp":1760233750565,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41706025, 41776034, 41476009, 41506018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41706025, 41776034, 41476009, 41506018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["for Junyi Li"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["for Junyi Li"]}]},{"name":"Program for Scientific Research Start-up Funds of Guangdong Ocean University","award":["for Junyi Li"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["for Junyi Li"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ocean color elements refer to total suspended sediment (TSS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), which are important parameters for the marine ecological environment. This study aims to examine the behavior of ocean color elements in response to a tropical cyclone in the case of typhoon Mangkhut (2018), which passed over the northern South China Sea (NSCS) on 16 September 2018, using satellite multi-sensor observations, Argo float profiles, and tidal gauge sea level data. The results indicate that typhoon Mangkhut (2018) resulted in TSS and Chl-a concentrations increasing, with the spatial and timing behavior different in the offshore, shelf, and basin areas. In the offshore area from the coast to isobath 50 m, the mean TSS concentration, i.e., CTSS, reached 13.9 mg\/L on 18 September 2018, two days after typhoon landfall, against about 3.5 mg\/L before typhoon landfall. In the shelf area with depths from 50 m to 100 m, the mean CTSS reached 2.5 mg\/L, against about 0.8 mg\/L before typhoon landfall. In the basin area with depths of 100 m and beyond, the mean CTSS had only a little fluctuation. On the other hand, in the offshore area, the mean Chl-a concentration, i.e., CChl-a, was 7.3 mg\/m3 on 21 September, five days after typhoon landfall, against 2.4 mg\/m3 as the monthly mean value. Furthermore, TSS concentrations favorable for Chl-a bloom range from 6 to 7 mg\/L in this area. In the shelf area, the mean CChl-a increased from 0.2 mg\/m3 to 0.6 mg\/m3 in two days. In the basin area, the CChl-a increased from 0.1 mg\/m3 to 0.2 mg\/m3 during typhoon passage. Concurrent dynamic condition analysis results indicate that, in the offshore area, typhoon-induced solitary continental waves may play a dominant role in determining the spatial distribution features of the TSS originating from the Pearl River runoff. The Chl-a bloom delayed rather than concurrently occurred with the terrigenous nutrient peak, which is attributed to the nonlinear relation between CChl-a and CTSS. In the shelf and basin areas, typhoon-enhanced vertical mixing and upwelling may play dominant roles in determining the spatiotemporal behavior of the TSS and the Chl-a.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T05:54:49Z","timestamp":1613282089000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Spatiotemporal Distributions of Ocean Color Elements in Response to Tropical Cyclone: A Case Study of Typhoon Mangkhut (2018) Past over the Northern South China Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Junyi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Climate, Sources and Environments in Continent Shelf Sea and Deep Ocean, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}]},{"given":"Quanan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Climate, Sources and Environments in Continent Shelf Sea and Deep Ocean, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Climate, Sources and Environments in Continent Shelf Sea and Deep Ocean, Zhanjiang 524088, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X., Zhang, B., Liu, G., Li, X., He, Y., and Zhang, H. (2018). Upper Ocean Response to Typhoon Kalmaegi and Sarika in the South China Sea from Multiple-Satellite Observations and Numerical Simulations. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020348"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., Huang, L., Devlin, A., and Lin, H. (2018). Quantification of Typhoon-Induced Phytoplankton Blooms Using Satellite Multi-Sensor Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10020318"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s13131-012-0175-2","article-title":"Upper ocean responses to category 5 typhoon Megi in the western north Pacific","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Wang, G., and Shang, X. (2016). Response of a Preexisting Cyclonic Ocean Eddy to a Typhoon. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46.","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-16-0040.1"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.03.020","article-title":"Storm-driven shelf-to-canyon suspended sediment transport at the southwestern Gulf of Lions","volume":"28","author":"Palanques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"134","article-title":"From continental shelf seas to the western Pacific: The path and mechanism of cross-shelf suspended sediment transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea","volume":"24","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1976)006<0853:CTWIAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coastal-trapped waves in a continuously stratified ocean","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009782","article-title":"Hurricane sandy storm surges observed by hy-2a satellite altimetry and tide gauges","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2012.01.001","article-title":"Radiation stress and mean drift in continental shelf waves","volume":"35","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, E., and Schwartz, S. (2004). Sea Salt Aerosol Production: Mechanisms, Methods, Measurements, and Models\u2014A Critical Review, AGU.","DOI":"10.1029\/GM152"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sea-salt aerosol mass concentration oscillations after rainfall, derived from long-term measurements in lampedusa (central mediterranean)","volume":"4","author":"Benzekry","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhang, X., and Fu, D. (2021). Strengthening effect of super typhoon rammasun (2014) on upwelling and cold eddies in the South China Sea. J. Ocean. Limnol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-020-9239-x"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2006.12.002","article-title":"Tropical cyclone genesis over the South China Sea","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10602","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033502","article-title":"Changes of temperature and bio-optical properties in the South China Sea in response to Typhoon Lingling, 2001","volume":"35","author":"Shang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Q., Fang, G.F., and Song, Y.T. (2006). Introduction to special section: Dynamics and Circulation of the Yellow, East, and South China Seas. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003261"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00119.1","article-title":"An Overview of the China Meteorological Administration Tropical Cyclone Database","volume":"31","author":"Ying","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Lee, Z., and Franz, B. (2011). Chlorophyll aalgorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007395"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2012.04.007","article-title":"Trends in the surface chlorophyll of the California Current: Merging data from multiple ocean color satellites","volume":"77\u201380","author":"Kahru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"680","article-title":"Merging chlorophyll-a data from multiple ocean color sensors in South China Sea","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwasaki, S. (2020). Daily Variation of chlorophyll-a Concentration Increased by Typhoon Activity. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12081259"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meissner, T., Wentz, F.J., Manaster, A., and Lindsley, R. (2019). Remote Sensing Systems SMAP Ocean Surface Salinities [Level 2C, Level 3 Running 8-Day, Level 3 Monthly], Version 4.0 Validated Release, Remote Sensing Systems.","DOI":"10.56236\/RSS-bf"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/01490419.2014.1000471","article-title":"The SARAL\/AltiKa Altimetry Satellite Mission","volume":"38","author":"Verron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.07.012","article-title":"Using modis terra 250 m imagery to map concentrations of total suspended matter in coastal waters","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.09.016","article-title":"Retrieval of total suspended matter concentration in the Yellow and East China Seas from MODIS imagery","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904406","article-title":"An improved in-water algorithm for the determination of chlorophyll and suspended sediment concentration from Thematic Mapper data in coastal waters","volume":"6","author":"Tassan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Pan, D., Huang, H., Mao, T., and Mao, Z. (1999, January 22\u201325). Ocean color remote sensing by SeaWiFS in China. Proceedings of the 20th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1995)025<1651:EOWSAW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of wind stress and wind stress curl variability on coastal upwelling","volume":"7","author":"Enriquez","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1983)013<1093:NMWSOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates","volume":"13","author":"Hellerman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"202","article-title":"Hourly Rainfall Dynamics and Hazard Dynamic Assessment of Mangkhut (2018) Typhoon-affected Areas","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Catastrophol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6042963","article-title":"ESA-MERIS 10-Year Mission Reveals Contrasting Phytoplankton Bloom Dynamics in Two Tropical Regions of Northern Australia","volume":"6","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2013.08.009","article-title":"Biological response to typhoon in northern South China Sea: A case study of \u201cKoppu\u201d","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2017.04.013","article-title":"Marine phytoplankton biomass responses to typhoon events in the South China Sea based on physical-biogeochemical model","volume":"356","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Growth and dissipation of typhoon-forced solitary continental shelf waves in the northern South China Sea","volume":"3\u20134","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Dynam."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.106599","article-title":"Tropical cyclone enhanced vertical transport in the northwestern South China Sea I: Mooring observation analysis for Washi (2005)","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf S."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"49","article-title":"Impacts of typhoon Mujigea on sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration in the coastal ocean of western Guangdong","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Ocean Univ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029724","article-title":"Observations of a Hurricane Katrina-induced phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"34","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"45","article-title":"Study on the features of chlorophyll-a derived from SeaWiFS in the South China Sea","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"13","article-title":"The statistical estimation of the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a concentration in the South China Sea","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"45","article-title":"Subsurface chlorophyll a maximum and its possible causes in the southern South China Sea","volume":"37","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trop. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2012.03.003","article-title":"Observed variability of chrolophyll-a using Argo profiling floats in the southeastern Arabian Sea","volume":"65","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/4\/687\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1760160231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/4\/687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13040687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13040687","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]]}}}