{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T20:08:35Z","timestamp":1776542915599,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFA0603502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFA0603502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91644211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91644211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41575002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41575002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global dimming and brightening research at ETH Zurich obtaining fundings from a sequence of Swiss National Science Foundation Grants","award":["200021_135395, 200020_159938, 200020_188601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_135395, 200020_159938, 200020_188601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The annual mean surface solar radiation (SSR) trends under all-sky, clear-sky, all-sky-no-aerosol, and clear-sky-no-aerosol conditions as well as their possible causes are analyzed during 2005\u20132018 across China based on different satellite-retrieved datasets to determine the major drivers of the trends. The results confirm clouds and aerosols as the major contributors to such all-sky SSR trends over China but play differing roles over sub-regions. Aerosol variations during this period result in a widespread brightening, while cloud effects show opposite trends from south to north. Moreover, aerosols contribute more to the increasing all-sky SSR trends over northern China, while clouds dominate the SSR decline over southern China. A radiative transfer model is used to explore the relative contributions of cloud cover from different cloud types to the all-types-of-cloud-cover-induced (ACC-induced) SSR trends during this period in four typical sub-regions over China. The simulations point out that the decreases in low-cloud-cover (LCC) over the North China Plain are the largest positive contributor of all cloud types to the marked annual and seasonal ACC-induced SSR increases, and the positive contributions from both high-cloud-cover (HCC) and LCC declines in summer and winter greatly contribute to the ACC-induced SSR increases over East China. The contributions from medium-low-cloud-cover (mid-LCC) and LCC variations dominate the ACC-caused SSR trends over southwestern and South China all year round, except for the larger HCC contribution in summer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]],"date-time":"2021-02-14T08:53:56Z","timestamp":1613292836000},"page":"704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Potential Driving Factors on Surface Solar Radiation Trends over China in Recent Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-4256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xixun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103159","article-title":"Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation?","volume":"308","author":"Pinker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103215","article-title":"From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"308","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00D16","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011470","article-title":"Global dimming and brightening: A review","volume":"114","author":"Wild","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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