{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:01:19Z","timestamp":1773655279437,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/86498\/2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/86498\/2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145- FEDER-007690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145- FEDER-007690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CTAMET\/ 29678\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTAMET\/ 29678\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0753_CILIFO_5_E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0753_CILIFO_5_E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FEDER\/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades-Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","award":["RTI 2018-097332-B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI 2018-097332-B-C22"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura-FEDER","award":["GR18097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR18097"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization COMPETE 2020","award":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04683\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to calculate the combined and individual effects of the optical thickness of aerosols (AOT) and precipitable water vapour (PWV) on the solar radiation reaching the Earth\u2019s surface at a global scale and to analyse its spatial and temporal variation. For that purpose, a novel but validated methodology is applied to CERES SYN1deg products for the period 2000\u20132019. Spatial distributions of AOT and PWV effects, both individually and combined, show a close link with the spatial distributions of AOT and PWV. The spatially averaged combined effect results in a \u221213.9% reduction in irradiance, while the average AOT effect is \u22122.3%, and the PWV effect is \u221212.1%. The temporal analysis focuses on detecting trends in the anomalies. The results show overall positive trends for AOT and PWV. Consequently, significant negative overall trends are found for the effects. However, significant positive trends for the individual AOT and the combined AOT-PWV effects are found in specific regions, such as the eastern United States, Europe or Asia, indicating successful emission control policies in these areas. This study contributes to a better understanding of the individual and combined effects of aerosols and water vapour on solar radiation at a global scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T05:52:49Z","timestamp":1613368369000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Global Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Combined Effect of Aerosol and Water Vapour on Solar Radiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8881-0785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"EaRSLab\u2013Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). 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