{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:33:56Z","timestamp":1773689636446,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korean Meteorological Administration","award":["KMI2020-01910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMI2020-01910"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1I1A2A01060035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1I1A2A01060035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A commercial aircraft, departing from Seoul to Jeju Island in South Korea, encountered a convectively induced turbulence (CIT) at about z = 2.2 km near Seoul on 28 October 2018. At this time, the observed radar reflectivity showed that the convective band with cloud tops of z = 6\u20137 km passed the CIT region with high values of spectral width (SW; larger than 4 m s\u20131). Using the 1 Hz wind data recorded by the aircraft, we estimated an objective intensity of the CIT as a cube root of eddy dissipation rate (EDR) based on the inertial range technique, which was about 0.33\u20130.37 m2\/3 s\u22121. Radar-based EDR was also derived by lognormal mapping technique (LMT), showing that the EDR was about 0.3\u20130.35 m2\/3 s\u22121 near the CIT location, which is consistent with in situ EDR. In addition, a feasibility of the CIT forecast was tested using the weather and research forecast (WRF) model with a 3 km horizontal grid spacing. The model accurately reproduced the convective band passing the CIT event with an hour delay, which allows the use of two methods to calculate EDR: The first is using both the sub-grid and resolved turbulent kinetic energy to infer the EDR; the second is using the LMT for converting absolute vertical velocity (and its combination with the Richardson number) to EDR-scale. As a result, we found that the model-based EDRs were about 0.3\u20130.4 m2\/3 s\u22121 near the CIT event, which is consistent with the estimated EDRs from both aircraft and radar observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T01:47:33Z","timestamp":1613526453000},"page":"726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Detection of Convectively Induced Turbulence Using in Situ Aircraft and Radar Spectral Width Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-9536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Ja-Rin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Soo-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jeonghoe","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunjeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul 07071, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1145-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SeungWoo","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}]},{"given":"Gyuwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"970","article-title":"Epidemiology of turbulence-related injuries in airline cabin crew, 1992\u20132001","volume":"74","author":"Tvaryanas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat. 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