{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:36:45Z","timestamp":1770140205188,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41875025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ice clouds play a critical role in the balance of the earth\u2013atmosphere radiation system, but there are some limitations in the existing remote sensing methods for ice clouds. Terahertz wave is expected to be the best waveband for retrieving ice clouds, with terahertz wavelengths in the order of the size of typical ice cloud particles. An inversion method for the remote sensing of ice clouds at terahertz wavelengths based on genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, suitable channel sets in the terahertz band, which are mainly a combination of absorption lines and window regions, are determined. Then, to improve the efficiency of the generation of the retrieval database, based on the brightness temperature simulated by the atmospheric radiative transfer simulator (ARTS) for different cloud parameters, a fast forward operator is constructed using three-dimensional interpolation to simulate the brightness temperature difference between clear sky and a cloudy scene. Finally, an inversion model to retrieve the ice cloud base height, the effective particle diameter and the ice water path is established based on the genetic algorithm, and an analysis of the inversion errors is performed. The results show that the forward operator, constructed by the nearest interpolation, can accurately calculate the brightness temperature difference at a high speed. The proposed inversion method at terahertz wavelengths based on the genetic algorithm can achieve the expected scientific requirement. The absolute error of the cloud height is around 0.2 km, and the absolute error of the low ice water path (below 20 g\/m2) is small, while the relative error of the high ice water path is generally maintained at around 10%, and the absolute error of the effective particle diameter is mostly around 4 \u03bcm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T21:35:42Z","timestamp":1613597742000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Passive Remote Sensing of Ice Cloud Properties at Terahertz Wavelengths Based on Genetic Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4971-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chensi","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Shulei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7336-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letu","family":"Husi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, The Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Pingyi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Light Snow Precipitation and Effects on Weather and Climate","volume":"57","author":"Gultepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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