{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:37:48Z","timestamp":1773769068719,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Taiwan Bank (TB) is located in the southern Taiwan Strait, where the marine environments are affected by South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Branch Current in summer. The bottom water flows upward along the edge of the continental shelf, forming an upwelling region that is an essential high-productivity fishing ground. Using trophic dynamic theory, fishery resources can be converted into primary production required (PPR) by primary production, which indicates the environmental tolerance of marine ecosystems. This study calculated the PPR of benthic and pelagic species, sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling size, and net primary production (NPP) to analyze fishery resource structure and the spatial distribution of PPR in upwelling, non-upwelling, and thermal front (frontal) areas of the TB in summer. Pelagic species, predominated by those in the Scombridae, Carangidae families and Trachurus japonicus, accounted for 77% of PPR (67% of the total catch). The benthic species were dominated by Mene maculata and members of the Loliginidae family. The upwelling intensity was the strongest in June and weakest in August. Generalized additive models revealed that the benthic species PPR in frontal habitats had the highest deviance explained (28.5%). Moreover, frontal habitats were influenced by NPP, which was also the main factor affecting the PPR of benthic species in all three habitats. Pelagic species were affected by high NPP, as well as low SST and negative values of the multivariate El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index in upwelling habitats (16.9%) and non-upwelling habitats (11.5%). The composition of pelagic species varied by habitat; this variation can be ascribed to impacts from the ENSO. No significant differences were noted in benthic species composition. Overall, pelagic species resources are susceptible to climate change, whereas benthic species are mostly insensitive to climatic factors and are more affected by NPP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1613725570000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Assessing Summertime Primary Production Required in Changed Marine Environments in Upwelling Ecosystems Around the Taiwan Bank"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Po-Yuan","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Teruhisa","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyocho, Hirosakishi 036-8560, Aomoriken, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2637-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Wei","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Ocean, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6970-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-An","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Hsin","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00062-7","article-title":"Upwelling in the Taiwan Strait during the summer monsoon detected by satellite and shipboard measurements","volume":"83","author":"Tang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)00477-0","article-title":"Long-time observation of annual variation of Taiwan Strait upwelling in summer season","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-011-0080-x","article-title":"Characteristics and mechanisms of the upwelling in the southern Taiwan Strait: A three-dimensional numerical model study","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"605","article-title":"A review of research on the upwelling in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"73","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.916454","article-title":"Summertime sea surface temperature and salinity fronts in the southern Taiwan Strait","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2009.01.015","article-title":"Summertime sea surface temperature fronts associated with upwelling around the Taiwan Bank","volume":"29","author":"Lan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-14-0248.1","article-title":"Effect of mesoscale eddies on the Taiwan strait current","volume":"45","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-013-0612-6","article-title":"Evolution of an anticyclonic eddy southwest of Taiwan","volume":"63","author":"Zu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2419.2001.00152.x","article-title":"Mesoscale eddies and survival of late stage Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) larvae","volume":"10","author":"Logerwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.04.010","article-title":"Influence of mesoscale eddies on spatial structuring of top predators\u2019 communities in the Mozambique Channel","volume":"86","author":"Kai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/fog.12467","article-title":"The effects of mesoscale oceanographic structures and ambient conditions on the catch of albacore tuna in the South Pacific longline fishery","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2011.02.002","article-title":"An overview of physical and biogeochemical processes and ecosystem dynamics in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"31","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2015.10.015","article-title":"Phytoplankton community and environmental correlates in a coastal upwelling zone along western Taiwan Strait","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163650","article-title":"A decade of satellite ocean color observations","volume":"1","author":"McClain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mar."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsq193","article-title":"Remote sensing and fisheries: An introduction","volume":"68","author":"Stuart","year":"2011","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2012.02.027","article-title":"Fisheries applications of remote sensing: An overview","volume":"148","author":"Klemas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3989\/scimar.2002.66n3215","article-title":"Mesozooplankton features in a frontal area off northern Patagonia (Argentina) during spring 1995 and 1998","volume":"66","author":"Sabatini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Mar."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1126\/science.304.5674.1104","article-title":"New tools reveal treasures at ocean hot spots: Biologically rich ocean \u201cfronts\u201d attract marine life\u2014And could be candidates for conservation, too","volume":"304","author":"Malakoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chou, M.Y. (2017). Application Fishing Activity Data to Explore the Fishing Grounds Distribution Characteristics of Coastal Fisheries in Taiwan. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/19425120.2017.1317680","article-title":"Impact of fishing exploitation and climate change on the grey mullet mugil cephalus stock in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Coast. Fish."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00618","article-title":"Evaluating stock status of 16 commercial fish species in the coastal and offshore waters of taiwan using the CMSY and BSM methods","volume":"7","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.79.575","article-title":"Impact of the preceding El Ni\u00f1o on the East Asian summer atmosphere circulation","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"359","article-title":"Impacts of El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a on the cycle of the East Asian winter and summer monsoon","volume":"5","author":"Wen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00021.1","article-title":"Roles of ENSO and PDO in the link of the East Asian winter monsoon to the following summer monsoon","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, N.J., and Ho, C.R. (2004). ENSO effect on the sea surface wind and sea surface temperature in the Taiwan Strait. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020303"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1838","article-title":"Mixed responses of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change","volume":"3","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1686","article-title":"Predicted habitat shifts of Pacific top predators in a changing climate","volume":"3","author":"Hazen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/mcf2.10039","article-title":"Variation in the catch rate and distribution of swordtip squid uroteuthis edulis associated with factors of the oceanic environment in the southern east China Sea","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Coast. Fish."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621037114","article-title":"Interaction between top-down and bottom-up control in marine food webs","volume":"114","author":"Lynam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valiela, I. (1995). Marine Ecological Processes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4125-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.19.110188.000513","article-title":"Nutrient limitation of net primary production in marine ecosystems","volume":"19","author":"Howarth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3354\/meps06919","article-title":"Bottom-up control regulates fisheries production at the scale of eco-regions in European seas","volume":"343","author":"Chassot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/374255a0","article-title":"Primary production required to sustain global fisheries","volume":"374","author":"Pauly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01443.x","article-title":"Global marine primary production constrains fisheries catches","volume":"13","author":"Chassot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2018.09.002","article-title":"Status of fisheries in 13 Asian Large Marine Ecosystems","volume":"163","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12013","article-title":"Primary productivity demands of global fishing fleets","volume":"15","author":"Watson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2009.06.001","article-title":"Assessing primary production constraints in New Zealand fisheries","volume":"100","author":"Knight","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015820616384","article-title":"The Pacific decadal oscillation","volume":"58","author":"Mantua","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI2048.1","article-title":"The North Pacific Oscillation\u2013west Pacific teleconnection pattern: Mature-phase structure and winter impacts","volume":"21","author":"Linkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2011.12.004","article-title":"Differences in coastal and oceanic SST trends due to the strengthening of coastal upwelling along the Benguela current system","volume":"34","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5352.860","article-title":"Fishing down marine food webs","volume":"279","author":"Pauly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1967.12.3.0411","article-title":"Estimating the organic carbon content of phytoplankton from cell volume or plasma volume 1","volume":"12","author":"Strathmann","year":"1967","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, S.M. (2006). Generalized Additive Models, an Introduction with R, Chapman and Hall.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2004.08.002","article-title":"Standardizing catch and effort data: A review of recent approaches","volume":"70","author":"Maunder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000505","article-title":"Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"12","article-title":"Numerical study on upwelling along the coast of Fujian coastal, I. Three dimensional numerical simulation of upwelling in Taiwan Strait","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hai Yang Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2014.07.010","article-title":"Volume transport through the Taiwan Strait and the effect of synoptic events","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"307","article-title":"Variation characteristics of upwelling in Taiwan Strait and its relationship with wind in summer 2011","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr. Taiwan Strait"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"249","article-title":"An inquisition of fisheries resources management in Taiwan Strait and its adjacent waters","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr. Taiwan Strait"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T.-H., Lun, Z., Wu, C.-R., and Chen, C.-T.A. (2018). Interannual carbon and nutrient fluxes in Southeastern Taiwan Strait. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10020372"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Chang, Y. (2009). High Resolution Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperature Front and Its Application on Fishery in the Taiwan Strait. [Ph.D. Thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2019.104681","article-title":"Influence of oceanographic and climatic variability on the catch rate of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) cohorts in the Indian Ocean","volume":"175","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, K.W., Lian, L.J., Li, C.H., Hsiao, P.Y., and Cheng, S.Y. (2020). Validation of a primary production algorithm of vertically generalized production model derived from multi-satellite data around the waters of Taiwan. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12101627"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.11.025","article-title":"Modification of the vertically generalized production model for the turbid waters of Ariake Bay, southwestern Japan","volume":"97","author":"Tripathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sherman, K., and Tang, Q. (1999). Changes in the biomass of the East China Sea Ecosystem. Large Marine Ecosystems of the Pacific Rim Assessment, Sustainability and Management, Blackwell Science."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Talaue-McManus, L. (2000). Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis for the South China Sea, UNEP."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Qu, J.G., Xu, Z.L., Long, Q., Wang, L., Shen, X., Zhang, J., and Cai, Y. (2005). East China Sea, GIWA Regional Assessment 36, University of Kalmar."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Wilkinson, C.C., DeVantier, L.L., Talau-McMaanus, L.L., and Souter, D.D. (2005). South China Sea, GIWA Regional Assessment 54, University of Kalmar."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2016.12.015","article-title":"Larval fish assemblages across an upwelling front: Indication for active and passive retention","volume":"187","author":"Tiedemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Chen, Y.T. (2017). Studies on the Fishing-Oceanic Conditions of Taiwanese Seine Fishery in the Sorthwastern Waters of Taiwan. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National Taiwan Ocean University]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2020.104773","article-title":"Characterizing marine ecosystems and fishery impacts using a comparative approach and regional food-web models","volume":"175","author":"Kiyota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2006.01159.x","article-title":"Food and feeding habits of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus in coastal waters of south-western Taiwan","volume":"72","author":"Chiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"137","article-title":"Diet composition and feeding habits of Trachurus japonicus and Scomber spp. larvae in the shelf break region of the East China Sea","volume":"82","author":"Sassa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"135","article-title":"Stomach content analysis of Etrumeus micropus in the coastal waters of Penghu off Taiwan in late summer","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Fish. Soc. Taiwan"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-2906.2001.00291.x","article-title":"Feeding habits of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis and other tuna Thunnus spp. juveniles in the tropical western Pacific","volume":"67","author":"Tanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00353613","article-title":"Diets of the demersal fishes on the shelf off Iwate, northern Japan","volume":"123","author":"Fuita","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/19425120.2015.1094157","article-title":"Feeding ecology of juvenile yellowfin tuna from waters southwest of Taiwan inferred from stomach contents and stable isotope analysis","volume":"7","author":"Weng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Coast. Fish."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.08.002","article-title":"Spawning ground and larval transport processes of jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus in the shelf-break region of the southern East China Sea","volume":"28","author":"Sassa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2007.10.015","article-title":"Population and maturation dynamics of the swordtip squid (Photololigo edulis) in the southern East China Sea","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Harrison, P.J., and Parsons, T.R. (2000). Aquatic ecosystems: Properties and models. Fisheries Oceanography: An Intrgrative Approach to Fisheries Ecology and Management, Balckwell Science."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109049","article-title":"Bottom-up ecosystem trophic dynamics determine fish production in the northeast pacific","volume":"308","author":"Ware","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2008.03.009","article-title":"Elucidating dynamic responses of North Pacific fish populations to climatic forcing: Influence of life-history strategy","volume":"77","author":"Yatsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2008.12.013","article-title":"Major pathways by which climate may force marine fish populations","volume":"79","author":"Ottersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-014-9789-x","article-title":"Habitat-specific effects of fishing disturbance on benthic species richness in marine soft sediments","volume":"17","author":"Hintzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i98","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv200","article-title":"Trawling disturbance on megabenthos and sediment in the Barents Sea: Chronic effects on density, diversity, and composition","volume":"73","author":"Ellingsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzeng, W.N., Tseng, Y.H., Han, Y.S., Hsu, C.C., Chang, C.W., Di Lorenzo, E., and Hsieh, C.H. (2012). Evaluation of multi-scale climate effects on annual recruitment levels of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, to Taiwan. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030805"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.L., Lee, M.A., Chen, L.C., Chan, J.W., and Lan, K.W. (2020). Evaluating a suitable aquaculture site selection model for Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) during extreme events in the inner bay of the Penghu Islands, Taiwan. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172689"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"63","article-title":"Evidence of ecosystem response to the interannual environmental variability in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"27","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hai Yang Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Huang, Y.H. (2005). ENSO Effects on Marine Meteorology of Adjacent Waters Surrounding Taiwan. [Master\u2019s Thesis, National San Yet-sen University]."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"32","article-title":"Nekton species composition and biodiversity in Taiwan Strait","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Duo Yang Xing"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2018.10.005","article-title":"Interannual to decadal variability in the catches of small pelagic fishes from China Seas and its responses to climatic regime shifts","volume":"159","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"11","article-title":"Study on the relationship between the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in NINO Region and the yield of pelagic fish in Minnan-Taiwan Bank Fishing Ground","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Fujian Fish."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y., Shimada, T., Lee, M.A., Lu, H.J., Sakaida, F., and Kawamura, H. (2006). Wintertime sea surface temperature fronts in the Taiwan Strait. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027415"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2008.03.007","article-title":"The late 1980s regime shift in the ecosystem of Tsushima warm current in the Japan\/East Sea: Evidence from historical data and possible mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2419.1999.00089.x","article-title":"Interdecadal variations in Japanese sardine and ocean\/climate","volume":"8","author":"Yasuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-014-1208-y","article-title":"Effects of climate variability and climate change on the fishing conditions for grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"126","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1987)115<1083:CSAPOL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns","volume":"115","author":"Barnston","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<4430:TTPSAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The timescale, power spectra, and climate noise properties of teleconnection patterns","volume":"13","author":"Feldstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8109","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00726.1","article-title":"Key role of the North Pacific Oscillation\u2013west Pacific pattern in generating the extreme 2013\/14 North American winter","volume":"28","author":"Baxter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2014.12.02.03(EOSI)","article-title":"Long-term (1982\u20132012) summertime sea surface temperature variability in the Taiwan Strait","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/4\/765\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:26:06Z","timestamp":1760160366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/4\/765"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13040765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13040765","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}}}