{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:52:17Z","timestamp":1779342737018,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The &quot;Strategic Priority Research Program (A)&quot; of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["grant no. XDA23030103 andXDA 23030105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. XDA23030103 andXDA 23030105"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Planning Project of Xiamen City","award":["grant no. 3502Z20191021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 3502Z20191021"]}]},{"name":"The Fujian Province Natural Fund Project","award":["grant no. 2020J01263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 2020J01263"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Planing Foreign Cooperation Project of Longyan","award":["grant no. 2019LYF7003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 2019LYF7003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative and accurate urban land information on regional and global scales is urgently required for studying socioeconomic and eco-environmental problems. The spatial distribution of urban land is a significant part of urban development planning, which is vital for optimizing land use patterns and promoting sustainable urban development. Composite nighttime light (NTL) data from the Defense Meteorological Program Operational Line-Scan System (DMSP-OLS) have been proven to be effective for extracting urban land. However, the saturation and blooming within the DMSP-OLS NTL hinder its capacity to provide accurate urban information. This paper proposes an optimized approach that combines NTL with multiple index data to overcome the limitations of extracting urban land based only on NTL data. We combined three sources of data, the DMSP-OLS, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the normalized difference water index (NDWI), to establish a novel approach called the vegetation\u2013water-adjusted NTL urban index (VWANUI), which is used to rapidly extract urban land areas on regional and global scales. The results show that the proposed approach reduces the saturation of DMSP-OLS and essentially eliminates blooming effects. Next, we developed regression models based on the normalized DMSP-OLS, the human settlement index (HSI), the vegetation-adjusted NTL urban index (VANUI), and the VWANUI to analyze and estimate urban land areas. The results show that the VWANUI regression model provides the highest performance of all the models tested. To summarize, the VWANUI reduces saturation and blooming, and improves the accuracy with which urban areas are extracted, thereby providing valuable support and decision-making references for designing sustainable urban development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1613725570000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An Optimized Approach for Extracting Urban Land Based on Log-Transformed DMSP-OLS Nighttime Light, NDVI, and NDWI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanmao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6185-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanrong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"},{"name":"Big Data Institute of Digital Natural Disaster Monitoring in Fujian, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Harbour and Environmental Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"},{"name":"Big Data Institute of Digital Natural Disaster Monitoring in Fujian, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldblatt, R., You, W., Hanson, G., and Khandelwal, K.A. 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