{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:51:16Z","timestamp":1760233876934,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Estonian Research Council research and development progamme","award":["RITA1\/02-52-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RITA1\/02-52-01"]}]},{"name":"EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["730066, EOMORES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["730066, EOMORES"]}]},{"name":"Estonian Research Council grant","award":["PSG10","PRG709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSG10","PRG709"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>European countries are obligated to monitor and estimate ecological status of lakes under European Union Water Framework Directive (2000\/60\/EC) for sustainable lakes\u2019 ecosystems in the future. In large and shallow lakes, physical, chemical, and biological water quality parameters are influenced by the high natural variability of water level, exceeding anthropogenic variability, and causing large uncertainty to the assessment of ecological status. Correction of metric values used for the assessment of ecological status for the effect of natural water level fluctuation reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in data and decreases the uncertainty of the status estimate. Here we have explored the potential to create synergy between optical and altimetry data for more accurate estimation of ecological status class of lakes. We have combined data from Sentinel-3 Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter and Cryosat-2 SAR Interferometric Radar Altimeter to derive water level estimations in order to apply corrections for chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biomass, and Secchi disc depth estimations from Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Color Instrument data. Long-term in situ data was used to develop the methodology for the correction of water quality data for the effects of water level applicable on the satellite data. The study shows suitability and potential to combine optical and altimetry data to support in situ measurements and thereby support lake monitoring and management. Combination of two different types of satellite data from the continuous Copernicus program will advance the monitoring of lakes and improves the estimation of ecological status under European Union Water Framework Directive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T09:06:10Z","timestamp":1613725570000},"page":"770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Synergy between Satellite Altimetry and Optical Water Quality Data towards Improved Estimation of Lakes Ecological Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ave","family":"Ansper-Toomsalu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, T\u00f5ravere, 61602 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"Alikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, T\u00f5ravere, 61602 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0035-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geodesy and Earth Observation, DTU Space, National Space Institute, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6041-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Tuvikene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}]},{"given":"Kersti","family":"Kangro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Observatooriumi 1, T\u00f5ravere, 61602 Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.6.695","article-title":"Remote Sensing Techniques to Assess Water Quality","volume":"69","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, N.F. (2008). Drinking Water Quality. Problems and Solutions, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805387"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Munn\u00e9, A., and Prat, N. (2006). Ecological aspects of the Water Framework Directive. The Water Framework Directive in Catalonia, Generalitat de Catalunya."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298","article-title":"Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate","volume":"54","author":"Tranvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Comission (2000). WFD 2000\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Parliam., L327, 1\u201382."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9643-0","article-title":"Monitoring of coastal and transitional waters under the E.U. water framework directive","volume":"135","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arle, J., Mohaupt, V., and Kirst, I. (2016). Monitoring of Surface Waters in Germany under the Water Framework Directive\u2014A Review of Approaches, Methods and Results. Water, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/w8060217"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"201","article-title":"Optical remote sensing of lakes: An overview on Lake Maggiore","volume":"73","author":"Giardino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Q., Makhoul, E., Escorihuela, M., Zribi, M., Quintana Segu\u00ed, P., Garc\u00eda, P., and Roca, M. (2019). Analysis of Retrackers\u2019 Performances and Water Level Retrieval over the Ebro River Basin Using Sentinel-3. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060718"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.10.023","article-title":"Validation of CryoSat-2 SAR mode based lake levels","volume":"171","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Schneider, R., Andersen, O.B., and Bauer-Gottwein, P. (2017). CryoSat-2 altimetry applications over rivers and lakes. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9030211"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ayana, E.K. (2007). Validation of Radar Altimetry Lake Level Data And It\u2019s Application in Water Resource Management. [Master\u2019s Thesis, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9724","DOI":"10.1029\/2017WR022437","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing for Water Resources Management: Potential for Supporting Sustainable Development in Data-Poor Regions","volume":"54","author":"Sheffield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6445","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6445-2017","article-title":"Monitoring small reservoirs\u2019 storage with satellite remote sensing in inaccessible areas","volume":"21","author":"Avisse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholizadeh, M.H., Melesse, A.M., and Reddi, L. (2016). A Comprehensive Review on Water Quality Parameters Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081298"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6ttl, F., Dettmering, D., M\u00fcller, F.L., and Schwatke, C. (2016). Lake Level Estimation Based on CryoSat-2 SAR Altimetry and Multi-Looked Waveform Classification. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110885"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dettmering, D., Schwatke, C., Boergens, E., and Seitz, F. (2016). Potential of ENVISAT Radar Altimetry for Water Level Monitoring in the Pantanal Wetland. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070596"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.26491\/mhwm\/95087","article-title":"Evaluating the potential of Sentinel-2 satellite images for water quality characterization of artificial reservoirs: The Bin El Ouidane Reservoir case study (Morocco)","volume":"7","author":"Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meteorol. Hydrol. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/19475721003735773","article-title":"Limnological research in the deep southern subalpine lakes: Synthesis, directions and perspectives","volume":"1","author":"Salmaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Oceanogr. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Commission (2012). Copernicus: New Name for European Earth Observation Programme, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Commission (2020, June 12). Copernicus Programme. Available online: https:\/\/www.copernicus.eu\/en\/about-copernicus\/copernicus-brief."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25663","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025663","article-title":"True Colour Classification of Natural Waters with Medium-Spectral Resolution Satellites: SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS and OLCI","volume":"15","author":"Wernand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0236-x","article-title":"Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications","volume":"6","author":"Merchant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6855","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.512947","article-title":"A current review of empirical procedures of remote sensing in Inland and near-coastal transitional waters","volume":"32","author":"Matthews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2015.1083630","article-title":"Satellite-based products for monitoring optically complex inland waters in support of EU Water Framework Directive","volume":"36","author":"Alikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-7-1-2015","article-title":"Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989\u20132013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set","volume":"7","author":"Riffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.04.046","article-title":"Satellite monitoring of cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom frequency in recreational waters and drinking water sources","volume":"80","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3394\/0380-1330(2007)33[736:SSRSOG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Satellite SAR Remote Sensing of Great Lakes Ice Cover, Part 2. Ice Classification and Mapping","volume":"33","author":"Leshkevich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04058-0","article-title":"Amplified surface temperature response of cold, deep lakes to inter-annual air temperature variability","volume":"7","author":"Merchant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedesco, M. (2015). Remote sensing of lake and river ice. Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118368909"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2005.50.1.0237","article-title":"Remote sensing of the cyanobacterial pigment phycocyanin in turbid inland water","volume":"50","author":"Simis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Papathanasopoulou, E., Simis, S., Alikas, K., Ansper, A., Anttila, S., Jenni, A., Barill\u00e9, A.-L., Barill\u00e9, L., Brando, V., and Bresciani, M. (2019). Satellite-assisted monitoring of water quality to support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive. EOMORES White Pap., 1\u201328."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansper, A., and Alikas, K. (2019). Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010064"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.05.001","article-title":"Assessing remotely sensed chlorophyll-a for the implementation of the Water Framework Directive in European perialpine lakes","volume":"409","author":"Bresciani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.02.043","article-title":"Applicability of Earth Observation chlorophyll-a data in assessment of water status via MERIS\u2014With implications for the use of OLCI sensors","volume":"212","author":"Attila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.014","article-title":"Towards a better assessment of the ecological status of coastal waters using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentrations","volume":"112","author":"Gohin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.04.013","article-title":"Remote sensing of cyanobacteria-dominant algal blooms and water quality parameters in Zeekoevlei, a small hypertrophic lake, using MERIS","volume":"114","author":"Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.02.007","article-title":"Improved retrieval of Secchi depth for optically-complex waters using remote sensing data","volume":"77","author":"Alikas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/lom3.10033","article-title":"Robust remote sensing algorithms to derive the diffuse attenuation coefficient for lakes and coastal waters","volume":"13","author":"Alikas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Lee, Z., Zhang, Y., Lin, J., Shi, K., Zhou, Y., Qin, B., and Sun, Z. (2019). Remote Sensing of Secchi Depth in Highly Turbid Lake Waters and Its Application with MERIS Data. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192226"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-020-04197-y","article-title":"Estimation of lake ecological quality from Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery","volume":"847","author":"Free","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uudeberg, K., Ansko, I., P\u00f5ru, G., Ansper, A., and Reinart, A. (2019). Using Optical Water Types to Monitor Changes in Optically Complex Inland and Coastal Waters. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192297"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soomets, T., Uudeberg, K., Jakovels, D., Zagars, M., Reinart, A., Brauns, A., and Kutser, T. (2019). Comparison of lake opticalwater types derived from sentinel-2 and sentinel-3. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11232883"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, K., Ma, R., Wang, D., and Shen, M. (2019). Optical classification of the remote sensing reflectance and its application in deriving the specific phytoplankton absorption in optically complex lakes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020184"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.021","article-title":"Neural network estimation of chlorophyll a from MERIS full resolution data for the coastal waters of Galician rias (NW Spain)","volume":"115","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.031","article-title":"MERIS observations of phytoplankton blooms in a stratified eutrophic lake","volume":"126","author":"Odermatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.02.015","article-title":"Deriving ocean color products using neural networks","volume":"134","author":"Ioannou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-018-2156-5","article-title":"Management Options to Improve Water Quality in Lake Peipsi: Insights from Large Scale Models and Remote Sensing","volume":"34","author":"Fink","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.015","article-title":"A simple semi-analytical model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in turbid waters: Validation","volume":"112","author":"Gitelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, K., Stenseng, L., Andersen, O.B., and Knudsen, P. (2017). The Performance and Potentials of the CryoSat-2 SAR and SARIn Modes for Lake Level Estimation. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9060374"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1134\/S009780781202008X","article-title":"Satellite Altimetry of Inland Water Bodies","volume":"39","author":"Troitskaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6064952","article-title":"Atmospheric corrections for altimetry studies over inland water","volume":"6","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-008-9465-2","article-title":"Effects of water-level fluctuations on lakes: An annotated bibliography","volume":"613","author":"Leira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(07)60080-1","article-title":"Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-007-0604-y","article-title":"Impact of climatic variability on parameters used in typology and ecological quality assessment of surface waters\u2014Implications on the Water Framework Directive","volume":"584","author":"Cardoso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3176\/earth.2016.19","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of anthropogenic pollution on the ecology of small shallow lakes using the palaeolimnological approach","volume":"65","author":"Koff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Est. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2014.933716","article-title":"Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas","volume":"8","author":"Khatri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"733","article-title":"Effects of water-level on water quality of reservoir in numerical simulated experiments","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effects of water-level decline on water quality of reservoir","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sichuan Daxue Xuebao (Gongcheng Kexue Ban)\/J. Sichuan Univ. Eng. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/14634981003788953","article-title":"Climate-related changes of phytoplankton seasonality in large shallow Lake V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv, Estonia","volume":"13","author":"Laas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"257","article-title":"Water level as the mediator between climate change and phytoplankton composition in a large shallow temperate lake","volume":"Volume 506\u2013509","author":"Laugaste","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-010-0414-5","article-title":"Why do phytoplankton species composition and \u201ctraditional\u201d water quality parameters indicate different ecological status of a large shallow lake?","volume":"660","author":"Tuvikene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"277","article-title":"The effect of extreme water level decrease on hydrochemistry and phytoplankton in shallow eutrophic lake","volume":"408\u2013409","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment (2020, September 03). Pinnaveekogumite Moodustamise Kord ja Nende Pinnaveekogumite Nimestik, Mille Seisundiklass Tuleb M\u00e4\u00e4rata, Pinnaveekogumite Seisundiklassid ja Seisundiklassidele Vastavad Kvaliteedin\u00e4itajate V\u00e4\u00e4rtused Ning Seisundiklasside M\u00e4\u00e4ramise kord-RT I. Available online: https:\/\/www.riigiteataja.ee\/akt\/125112010015."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Keskkonnaministeerium (2020, February 27). Keskkonnaseire Infros\u00fcsteem. Available online: https:\/\/kese.envir.ee\/kese\/listProgramAndPublicReport.action."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3176\/proc.2018.3.06","article-title":"Response of primary producers to water level fluctuations of Lake Peipsi","volume":"67","author":"Laugaste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Est. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"67","article-title":"Indicators and criteria to assess ecological status of the large shallow temperate polymictic lakes Peipsi (Estonia\/Russia) and V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv (Estonia)","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"Boreal Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Eesti Ilmateenistus (2020, March 09). Hydrological Measurements. Available online: http:\/\/www.ilmateenistus.ee\/ilmatarkus\/mootetehnika\/hudroloogiliste-vaatluste-mootetehnika\/."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/00396265.2019.1583848","article-title":"The 5 mm geoid model for Estonia computed by the least squares modified Stokes\u2019s formula","volume":"52","author":"Ellmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Republic of Estonia Environment Agency (2019). Annex 4. National Environmental Monitoring Program Surface Water Monitoring SUB-Program, Republic of Estonia Environment Agency."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30778-3","article-title":"New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton","volume":"167","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik","volume":"9","year":"1958","journal-title":"Int. Vereinigung f\u00fcr Theor. Angew. Limnol. Mitt."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Respublic of Estonia Land Board (2019, December 10). ESTHub Processing Platform. Available online: https:\/\/ehcalvalus.maaamet.ee\/calest\/calvalus.jsp."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5697\/oc.52-2.237","article-title":"Detecting cyanobacterial blooms in large North European lakes using the Maximum Chlorophyll Index","volume":"52","author":"Alikas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500075857","article-title":"Use of the 709 nm band of meris to detect intense plankton blooms and other conditions in coastal waters","volume":"26","author":"Gower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.025","article-title":"CryoSat-2 altimetry for river level monitoring\u2014Evaluation in the Ganges-Brahmaputra River basin","volume":"168","author":"Villadsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"43","article-title":"Time series analysis of water quality parameters","volume":"1","author":"Ghashghaie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Water Wastewater"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, M., and Costa, M. (2018). A time series model comparison for monitoring and forecasting water quality variables. Hydrology, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology5030037"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3808\/jei.201200223","article-title":"Long-term water quality variations and chlorophyll a simulation with an emphasis on different hydrological periods in Lake Baiyangdian, Northern China","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Inform."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wantzen, K.M., Rothhaupt, K.-O., M\u00f6rtl, M., Cantonati, M., L\u00e1szl\u00f3, G., and Fischer, P. (2008). Ecological Effects of Water-Level Fluctuations in Lakes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9192-6"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2018.08.005","article-title":"Water level fluctuations and the ecosystem functioning of lakes","volume":"44","author":"Gownaris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maihemuti, B., Aishan, T., Simayi, Z., Alifujiang, Y., and Yang, S. (2020). Temporal Scaling of Water Level Fluctuations in Shallow Lakes and Its Impacts on the Lake Eco-Environments. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093541"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.02.004","article-title":"A novel methodology for the assessment of water level requirements in shallow lakes","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanidis, K., and Papastergiadou, E. (2013). Effects of a long term water level reduction on the ecology and water quality in an eastern Mediterranean lake. Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst., 411.","DOI":"10.1051\/kmae\/2013072"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/B:HYDR.0000008595.14393.77","article-title":"The role of water-level fluctuations in shallow lake ecosystems\u2014Workshop conclusions","volume":"506\u2013509","author":"Coops","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5268\/IW-1.1.406","article-title":"Ecological impacts of excessive water level fluctuations in stratified freshwater lakes","volume":"1","author":"Zohary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inl. Waters"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"349","article-title":"Seasonal and Multiannual Changes of Water Levels in Lakes of Northeastern Poland","volume":"11","author":"Piekarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4081\/jlimnol.2014.844","article-title":"Climate change impacts on lakes: An integrated ecological perspective based on a multi-faceted approach, with special focus on shallow lakes","volume":"73","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452-005-9008-0","article-title":"The impact of climate change on lakes in the Netherlands: A review","volume":"39","author":"Mooij","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2015.02.001","article-title":"A sensitivity analysis of lake water level response to changes in climate and river regimes","volume":"51","year":"2015","journal-title":"Limnologica"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.54.1.101","article-title":"A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality","volume":"54","author":"Whitehead","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegr\u00eda, A., Nicolai, M., and Okem, A. (2019). Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent, W.F. (2009). Effects of Climate Change on Lakes. Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Elsvier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012370626-3.00233-7"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4236\/oje.2017.72012","article-title":"Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Water Level Fluctuations of Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes and Its Role in Environmental Sustainability","volume":"7","author":"Kiani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Z., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Wang, W., Tang, C., and Zeng, F. (2020). Water Level Fluctuation under the Impact of Lake Regulation and Ecological Implication in Huayang Lakes, China. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12030702"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nhu, V.-H., Mohammadi, A., Shahabi, H., Shirzadi, A., Al-Ansari, N., Ahmad, B.B., Chen, W., Khodadadi, M., Ahmadi, M., and Khosravi, K. (2020). Monitoring and Assessment of Water Level Fluctuations of the Lake Urmia and Its Environmental Consequences Using Multitemporal Landsat 7 ETM + Images. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124210"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Climate variability and anthropogenic effects on Lake Urmia water level fluctuations, northwestern Iran","volume":"61","author":"Jalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-4345-2015","article-title":"DAHITI\u2014An innovative approach for estimating water level time series over inland waters using multi-mission satellite altimetry","volume":"19","author":"Schwatke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022814","article-title":"Global inland water monitoring from multi-mission altimetry","volume":"32","author":"Berry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liibusk, A., Kall, T., Rikka, S., Uiboupin, R., Suursaar, \u00dc., and Tseng, K.H. (2020). Validation of copernicus sea level altimetry products in the baltic sea and estonian lakes. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12244062"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, K., Andersen, O.B., and Ranndal, H. (2020). Validation of sentinel-3a based lake level over US and Canada. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172835"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cr\u00e9taux, J.F., Berg\u00e9-Nguyen, M., Calmant, S., Jamangulova, N., Satylkanov, R., Lyard, F., Perosanz, F., Verron, J., Montazem, A.S., and Guilcher, G.L. (2018). Absolute calibration or validation of the altimeters on the Sentinel-3A and the Jason-3 over Lake Issykkul (Kyrgyzstan). Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111679"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1029\/94EO00944","article-title":"Radar altimetry: A new concept in monitoring lake level changes","volume":"75","author":"Birkett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2006.08.002","article-title":"Lake studies from satellite radar altimetry","volume":"338","author":"Birkett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus-Geosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2011.01.004","article-title":"SOLS: A lake database to monitor in the Near Real Time water level and storage variations from remote sensing data","volume":"47","author":"Jelinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.3390\/w7094685","article-title":"Combined ICESat and CryoSat-2 Altimetry for Accessing Water Level Dynamics of Tibetan Lakes over 2003\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W7-1555-2017","article-title":"Water Level Changes Of Nam-Co Lake Based On Satellite Altimetry Data Series","volume":"XLII-2\/W7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Li, H., Chen, F., and Cai, X. (2020). Monitoring long-term lake level variations in middle and lower yangtze basin over 2002-2017 through integration of multiple satellite altimetry datasets. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091448"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2004.05.002","article-title":"The role of remote sensing technology in the EU water framework directive (WFD)","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/4\/045005","article-title":"Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in case II waters using MODIS and MERIS data\u2014Successes and challenges","volume":"4","author":"Moses","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, S.I., Strand, M.H., Higa, H., Kim, H., Kazuhiro, K., Oki, K., and Oki, T. (2017). Evaluation of MERIS Chlorophyll-a Retrieval Processors in a Complex Turbid Lake Kasumigaura over a 10-Year Mission. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9101022"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083605","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.083605","article-title":"Comparison of satellite chlorophyll a algorithms for the Baltic Sea","volume":"8","author":"Wozniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2009.07.015","article-title":"Estimating chlorophyll concentration in Lake Malawi from MODIS satellite imagery","volume":"34","author":"Chavula","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-008-0156-2","article-title":"Application of MODIS satellite data in monitoring water quality parameters of Chaohu Lake in China","volume":"148","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-5233-9","article-title":"Measuring water storage fluctuations in Lake Dongting, China, by Topex\/Poseidon satellite altimetry","volume":"115","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25179","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC02125","article-title":"The contribution of TOPEX\/POSEIDON to the global monitoring of climatically sensitive lakes","volume":"100","author":"Birkett","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2021, February 01). Hydroweb. Available online: http:\/\/hydroweb.theia-land.fr\/."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2021, February 01). Deutsches Geod\u00e4tisches Forschungsinstitut der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Database for Hydrological Time Series of Inland Waters. Available online: https:\/\/dahiti.dgfi.tum.de\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2021, February 01). Global Reservoirs and Lakes Monitor (G-REALM), Available online: https:\/\/ipad.fas.usda.gov\/cropexplorer\/global_reservoir\/."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1192702","article-title":"Selection of a network of large lakes and reservoirs suitable for global environmental change analysis using Earth Observation","volume":"37","author":"Politi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"(2021, February 01). Globolakes. Available online: http:\/\/www.globolakes.ac.uk\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sathyendranath, S., Brewin, R.J.W., Brockmann, C., Brotas, V., Calton, B., Chuprin, A., Cipollini, P., Couto, A.B., Dingle, J., and Doerffer, R. (2019). An ocean-colour time series for use in climate studies: The experience of the ocean-colour climate change initiative (OC-CCI). Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194285"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/4\/770\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:26:17Z","timestamp":1760160377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/4\/770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13040770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13040770","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}}}