{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:33:42Z","timestamp":1772721222430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001 (Pr\u00f3-Defesa IV)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001 (Pr\u00f3-Defesa IV)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.474585\/2020-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.474585\/2020-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["311357\/2017-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311357\/2017-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, it was demonstrated that low-frequency wavelength-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images could be considered to follow an additive mixing model due to their backscatter characteristics. This simplification allows for the use of source separation methods, such as robust principal component analysis (RPCA) via principal component pursuit (PCP), for detecting changes in those images. In this manuscript, a change detection method for wavelength-resolution SAR images based on image stack through RPCA is proposed. The method aims to explore both the temporal and flight heading diversity of a set of wavelength-resolution multitemporal SAR images in order to detect concealed targets in forestry areas. A heuristic based on three rules for better exploring the RPCA results is introduced, and a new configurable parameter for false alarm reduction based on the analysis of image windows is proposed. The method is evaluated using real data obtained from measurements of the ultrawideband (UWB) very high-frequency (VHF) SAR system CARABAS-II. Experiments for stacks of four and seven reference images are conducted, and the use of reference images acquired with different flight headings is explored. The results indicate that a gain in performance can be achieved by using large image stacks containing, at least, one image of each possible flight heading of the data set, which can result in a probability of detection (PD) above 99% for a false alarm rate (FAR) as low as one false alarm per three square kilometers. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that high PD and low FAR can be achieved, also considering images from similar flight headings as reference images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T02:36:13Z","timestamp":1614220573000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Wavelength-Resolution SAR Change Detection Method Based on Image Stack through Robust Principal Component Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas P.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics Engineering, Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre B.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics Engineering, Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-4718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christofer","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics Engineering, Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-0080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo T.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Sciences (FCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP 13484-350, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5443-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimas I.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Alegrete, RS 97546-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6643-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats I.","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3945-8951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet T.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH), 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0856-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics Engineering, Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, SP 12228-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ulander, L.M.H. 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