{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T23:47:51Z","timestamp":1770076071769,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research on Capitalization of Natural Resources and Corresponding Market Construction in China","award":["15ZDB162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15ZDB162"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia - FCT","award":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/28438\/2017 - ASEBIO and UIDB\/04152\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CTA-AMB\/28438\/2017 - ASEBIO and UIDB\/04152\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accelerated land use change is a current challenge for environmental management worldwide. Given the urgent need to incorporate economic and ecological goals in landscape planning, cost-effective conservation strategies are required. In this study, we validated the benefit of fusing imagery from multiple sensors to assess the impact of landscape changes on ecosystem services (ES) and their economic values in the Long County, Shaanxi Province, China. We applied several landscape metrics to assess the local spatial configuration over 15 years (2004\u20132019) from fused imageries. Using Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor 3 (IRS LISS 3) imageries fused for 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019, we reclassified land use\/land cover (LULC) changes, through the rotation forest (RF) machine-learning algorithm. We proposed an equivalent monetary metric for estimating the ES values, which also could be used in the whole China. Results showed that agriculture farmland and unused land decreased their spatial distribution over time, with an observed increase on woodland, grassland, water bodies and built-up area. Our findings suggested that the patterns of landscape uniformity and connectivity improved, while the distribution of landscape types stabilized, while the landscape diversity had a slight improvement. The overall ES values increased (4.34%) under a benefit transfer approach, mainly concerning woodland and grassland. A sensitivity analysis showed the selected economic value (EV) was relevant and suitable for the study area associated with our ES for LULC changes. We suggested that changes in landscape patterns affected the ESV trends, while the increases on some LULC classes slightly improved the landscape diversity. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we recommend that local authorities and environmental practitioners should balance the economic benefits and ecological gains in different landscapes to achieve a sustainable development from local to regional scales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Using Satellite Image Fusion to Evaluate the Impact of Land Use Changes on Ecosystem Services and Their Economic Values"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Shuangao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shoujian Financial Center, Beijing Institute of Science and Technology Information, No. 140, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1413-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajchandar","family":"Padmanaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Aires A.","family":"Mbanze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2775-405 Carcavelos, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Department of Environment and Nature Conservation, Universidade L\u00fario, Sanga 3302, Mozambique"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5201-9836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Shamsudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoothukudi Campus, College of Engineering, Anna University, University V.O.C., Tamil Nadu 628008, India"},{"name":"Aspro Technologies, 33, 3rd Floor, Srirose Complex, Muthamil Street, Veepamoodu Junction, Nagercoil 629001, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Campus de Campolide, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7415-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe S.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Information Management School (NOVA IMS), Campus de Campolide, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1070-312 Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"A decision support system for assessing trade-offs between ecosystem management goals: An application in portugal","volume":"6","author":"Bushenkov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.06.010","article-title":"The economic valuation of cultivated land protection: A contingent valuation study in Wenling City, China","volume":"119","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"109","article-title":"Environmental and socio-economic patterns and processes in the Succulent Karoo\u2014Frame conditions for the management of this biodiversity hotspot","volume":"3","author":"Schmiedel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biodivers. S. Afr. Implic. Landuse Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1899\/07-070.1","article-title":"Landuse legacies and small streams: Identifying relationships between historical land use and contemporary stream conditions","volume":"27","author":"Maloney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Sharp, R., Tallis, H.T., Ricketts, T., Guerry, A.D., Wood, S.A., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Nelson, E., Ennaanay, D., Wolny, S., and Olwero, N. (2019, May 09). InVEST User Guide. Available online: http:\/\/data.naturalcapitalproject.org\/nightly-build\/invest-users-guide\/html\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.04.042","article-title":"Assessing the comprehensive restoration of an urban river: An integrated application of contingent valuation in Shanghai, China","volume":"458\u2013460","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1890\/080012","article-title":"Integrating conservation and development in the field: Implementing ecosystem service projects","volume":"7","author":"Tallis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Pu, L., Zhu, M., Li, J., Chen, X., Wang, X., and Xie, X. (2016). Ecological security and ecosystem services in response to land use change in the coastal area of Jiangsu, China. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8080816"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2013.05.005","article-title":"Valuing forest ecosystem services: What we know and what we don\u2019t","volume":"93","author":"Ninan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2015.01.009","article-title":"Quantifying the impacts of ecological restoration on biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems: A global meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Barral","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2007.01.002","article-title":"What are ecosystem services? The need for standardized environmental accounting units","volume":"63","author":"Boyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"26","article-title":"Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques","volume":"10","author":"Jat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.05.018","article-title":"Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen","volume":"69","author":"Tianhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.10.005","article-title":"Bioenergy transition in rural China: Policy options and co-benefits","volume":"36","author":"Gan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-018-0307-5","article-title":"Determinants of out-migration in rural China: Effects of payments for ecosystem services","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Popul. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/10670564.2012.635935","article-title":"China\u2019s oil hunger in Angola: History and perspective","volume":"21","author":"Burgos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Contemp. China"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.03.119","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem services value for sustainable land-use management in semi-arid region","volume":"186","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"373","article-title":"Earth surface processes and environmental sustainability in China: Preface","volume":"109","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.026","article-title":"Significant trade-off for the impact of Grain-for-Green Programme on ecosystem services in North-western Yunnan, China","volume":"574","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-020-1098-z","article-title":"Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Karst Area of China Driven by Grain-for-Green Program","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2019.100983","article-title":"Forest ecological compensation standard based on spatial flowing of water services in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir, China","volume":"39","author":"Pei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2016.09.011","article-title":"The farming system component of European agricultural landscapes","volume":"82","author":"Andersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.12.001","article-title":"Characterizing landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes for urbanization impacts at an eco-regional scale","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmanaban, R., Bhowmik, A.K., and Cabral, P. (2019). Satellite image fusion to detect changing surface permeability and emerging urban heat islands in a fast-growing city. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208949"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verburg, P.H., Kok, K., Pontius, R.G., and Veldkamp, A. (2006). Modeling Land-Use and Land-Cover Change, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32202-7_5"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"185","article-title":"Ecosystems and human well-being","volume":"Volumes 1\u20135","author":"Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-016-2722-1","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility zonation using GIS and evidential belief function model","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"167","article-title":"The temporal-spatial dynamic of land ecosystem services value in Guanzhong, Shaanxi","volume":"35","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Res. Arid Areas"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.07.118","article-title":"Farmer and retailer knowledge and awareness of the risks from pesticide use: A case study in the Wei River catchment, China","volume":"497\u2013498","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"012067","article-title":"A review of environmental flow assessment: Methodologies and application in the Qianhe River","volume":"Volume 39","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.840720","article-title":"Landsat sensor performance: History and current status","volume":"42","author":"Markham","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"07","article-title":"Automatic time series forecasting: The forecast package for R","volume":"6","author":"Hyndman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"67441F","article-title":"Radiometric calibration status of Landsat-7 and Landsat-5","volume":"Volume 6744","author":"Barsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XI, International Society for Optics and Photonics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2015.2441912","article-title":"Missing Information Reconstruction of Remote Sensing Data: A Technical Review","volume":"3","author":"Huanfeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215045","article-title":"A hybrid method toward accurate mapping of mangroves in a marginal habitat from SPOT multispectral data","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmanaban, R., Bhowmik, A.K., and Cabral, P. (2017). A remote sensing approach to environmental monitoring in a reclaimed mine area. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6120401"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Brunn, A., Fischer, C., Dittmann, C., and Richter, R. (2003). Quality Assessment, Atmospheric and Geometric Correction of airborne hyperspectral HyMap Data. Geotech. Eng., 13\u201316."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Andrefouet, S., Bindschadler, R., and Brown de Colstoun, E. (2003). Preliminary Assessment of the Value of Landsat 7 ETM + Data following Scan Line Corrector Malfunction Contributors, US Geological Survey, EROS Data Center."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1021\/ci034160g","article-title":"Random Forest: A Classification and Regression Tool for Compound Classification and QSAR Modeling","volume":"43","author":"Svetnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charrua, A.B., Padmanaban, R., Cabral, P., Bandeira, S., and Romeiras, M.M. (2021). Impacts of the Tropical Cyclone Idai in Mozambique: A Multi-Temporal Landsat Satellite Imagery Analysis. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020201"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/517109a","article-title":"Programming tools: Adventures with R","volume":"517","author":"Tippmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.44.2.93","article-title":"Image Fusion Using the Ehlers Spectral Characteristics Preservation Algorithm","volume":"44","author":"Klonus","year":"2007","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-2535(01)00056-2","article-title":"Image fusion techniques for remote sensing applications","volume":"3","author":"Simone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-016-0625-y","article-title":"Evaluation of image fusion methods using PALSAR, RADARSAT-1 and SPOT images for land use\/land cover classification","volume":"45","author":"Sanli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.03.002","article-title":"Robust registration for remote sensing images by combining and localizing feature-and area-based methods","volume":"151","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1320448","article-title":"Ehlers pan-sharpening performance enhancement using HCS transform for n-band data sets","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2847303","article-title":"Remote Sensing Image Retrieval Using Convolutional Neural Network Features and Weighted Distance","volume":"15","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.11.001","article-title":"A review of image fusion techniques for pan-sharpening of high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"171","author":"Javan","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.211","article-title":"Rotation forest: A new classifier ensemble method","volume":"28","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutanga, O., and Kumar, L. (2019). Google earth engine applications. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11050591"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.017","article-title":"Sub-pixel confusion-uncertainty matrix for assessing soft classifications","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.882526","article-title":"High-resolution landcover classification using random forest","volume":"5","author":"Hayes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/e19040163","article-title":"Modelling Urban Sprawl Using Remotely Sensed Data: A Case Study of Chennai City, Tamilnadu","volume":"19","author":"Rajchandar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-0992.1999.09942.x","article-title":"Landscape pattern metrics and regional assessment","volume":"5","author":"Riitters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12942\/lrlr-2009-1","article-title":"Landscape Metrics and Indices: An Overview of Their Use in Landscape Research","volume":"3","author":"Uuemaa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Living Rev. Landsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022995922992","article-title":"Empirical patterns of the effects of changing scale on landscape metrics","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119659","article-title":"Modeling changes in China\u2019s 2000\u20132030 carbon stock caused by land use change","volume":"252","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","article-title":"The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital","volume":"387","author":"Costanza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7333","DOI":"10.3390\/su7067333","article-title":"Ecosystem Service Value Assessment and Contribution Factor Analysis of Land Use Change in Miyun County, China","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.07.071","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of ecosystem service valuation in a Mediterranean watershed","volume":"440","author":"Benito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, S., Shi, W., and Zhu, X. (2020). Impact of land use land cover changes on ecosystem service value\u2014A case study of Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao in South China. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231259"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(01)00250-6","article-title":"Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio area, Texas","volume":"39","author":"Kreuter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2014.04.031","article-title":"Spatially non-stationary response of ecosystem service value changes to urbanization in Shanghai, China","volume":"45","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-019-01240-0","article-title":"Searching for Networks: Ecological Connectivity for Amphibians Under Climate Change","volume":"65","author":"Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Goldammer, J., and Ronde, C. (2004). Chapter VIII Remote sensing of vegetation fires and its contribution to a fire management information system. Fire Management Handbook for Subsaharan Africa, SPB Publishing."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.017","article-title":"An ecosystem service valuation of land use change in Taiyuan City, China","volume":"225","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/5\/851\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:28:13Z","timestamp":1760160493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/5\/851"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13050851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13050851","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}