{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T20:47:31Z","timestamp":1771015651658,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008398","name":"Villum Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VKR023443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VKR023443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to improve the standard water balance evapotranspiration (WB ET) estimate, which is typically used as benchmark data for catchment-scale ET estimation, by accounting for net intercatchment groundwater flow in the ET calculation. Using the modified WB ET approach, we examine errors and shortcomings associated with the long-term annual mean (2002\u20132014) spatial patterns of three remote-sensing (RS) MODIS-based ET products from MODIS16, PML_V2, and TSEB algorithms at 1 km spatial resolution over Denmark, as a test case for small-scale, energy-limited regions. Our results indicate that the novel approach of adding groundwater net in water balance ET calculation results in a more trustworthy ET spatial pattern. This is especially relevant for smaller catchments where groundwater net can be a significant component of the catchment water balance. Nevertheless, large discrepancies are observed both amongst RS ET datasets and compared to modified water balance ET spatial pattern at the national scale; however, catchment-scale analysis highlights that difference in RS ET and WB ET decreases with increasing catchment size and that 90%, 87%, and 93% of all catchments have \u2206ET &lt; \u00b1150 mm\/year for MODIS16, PML_V2, and TSEB, respectively. In addition, Copula approach captures a nonlinear structure of the joint relationship with multiple densities amongst the RS\/WB ET products, showing a complex dependence structure (correlation); however, among the three RS ET datasets, MODIS16 ET shows a closer spatial pattern to the modified WB ET, as identified by a principal component analysis also. This study will help improve the water balance approach by the addition of groundwater net in the ET estimation and contribute to better understand the true correlations amongst RS\/WB ET products especially over energy-limited environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Using a Groundwater Adjusted Water Balance Approach and Copulas to Evaluate Spatial Patterns and Dependence Structures in Remote Sensing Derived Evapotranspiration Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Soltani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Natural Water Production Theme, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology (Wetsus), 8911 Leeuwarden, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7732-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Stisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/359373a0","article-title":"The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate","volume":"359","author":"Chahine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128845","article-title":"Global hydrological cycles and world water resources","volume":"313","author":"Oki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JHM1176.1","article-title":"Long-term regional estimates of evapotranspiration for Mexico based on downscaled ISCCP data","volume":"11","author":"Sheffield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-2095-2012","article-title":"Consistency between hydrological model, large aperture scintillometer and remote sensing based evapotranspiration estimates for a heterogeneous catchment","volume":"16","author":"Samain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107810","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of multiple evapotranspiration data models over the contiguous United States: Implications for the next phase of NLDAS (NLDAS-Testbed) development","volume":"280","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2004.10.024","article-title":"Evaluation of three complementary relationship evapotranspiration models by water balance approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration in different climatic regions","volume":"308","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4850","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7104","article-title":"Intercomparison of remote sensing-based models for estimation of evapotranspiration and accuracy assessment based on SWAT","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-3167-2016","article-title":"Comparison of satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"FLUXNET: A new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities","volume":"82","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4","article-title":"A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: Sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance","volume":"106","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0167","article-title":"Impact of post-field data processing on eddy covariance flux estimates and energy balance closure","volume":"15","author":"Mauder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-017-2235-1","article-title":"Turbulent flux variability and energy balance closure in the TERENO prealpine observatory: A hydrometeorological data analysis","volume":"133","author":"Soltani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2009.0181","article-title":"Energy fluxes above three disparate surfaces in a temperate mesoscale coastal catchment","volume":"10","author":"Ringgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5987","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-5987-2017","article-title":"Spatial pattern evaluation of a calibrated national hydrological model\u2014A remote-sensing-based diagnostic approach","volume":"21","author":"Mendiguren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012321","article-title":"Trends in evaporation and surface cooling in the Mississippi River basin","volume":"28","author":"Milly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0405:IEFTCU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Increasing evapotranspiration from the conterminous United States","volume":"5","author":"Walter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-2947-2013","article-title":"Three perceptions of the evapotranspiration landscape: Comparing spatial patterns from a distributed hydrological model, remotely sensed surface temperatures, and sub-basin water balances","volume":"17","author":"Conradt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020941","article-title":"A worldwide analysis of spatiotemporal changes in water balance-based evapotranspiration from 1982 to 2009","volume":"119","author":"Zeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0175.1","article-title":"On the use of a water balance to evaluate interannual terrestrial ET variability","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10343","article-title":"Long-term water budget imbalances and error sources for cold region drainage basins","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.04.006","article-title":"A worldwide evaluation of basin-scale evapotranspiration estimates against the water balance method","volume":"538","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026065","article-title":"Comparison of evapotranspiration estimates based on the surface water balance, modified Penman-Monteith model, and reanalysis data sets for continental China","volume":"122","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2592.1","article-title":"Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948 to 2004","volume":"22","author":"Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8712","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021951","article-title":"A national-scale assessment of long-term water budget closures for Canada\u2019s watersheds","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-6415-2018","article-title":"Redressing the balance: Quantifying net intercatchment groundwater flows","volume":"22","author":"Bouaziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-019-01984-3","article-title":"Assessment of regional inter-basin groundwater flow using both simple and highly parameterized optimization schemes","volume":"27","author":"Danapour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W04011","DOI":"10.1029\/2004WR003635","article-title":"A paired-watershed budget study to quantify interbasin groundwater flow in a lowland rain forest, Costa Rica","volume":"41","author":"Genereux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL067082","article-title":"Is there a geomorphic expression of interbasin groundwater flow in watersheds? Interactions between interbasin groundwater flow, springs, streams, and geomorphology","volume":"43","author":"Frisbee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)035<2091:RARSDS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Relationships among remotely sensed data, surface energy balance, and area-averaged fluxes over partially vegetated land surfaces","volume":"35","author":"Friedl","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-85-2002","article-title":"The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"D21108","article-title":"Comparison of International Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report climate model simulations of surface albedo with satellite products over northern latitudes","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.23964","article-title":"Remote sensing based energy balance algorithms for mapping ET: Current status and future challenges","volume":"55","author":"Gowda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. ASABE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19124","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19124","article-title":"Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8379","article-title":"Estimating basin scale evapotranspiration (ET) by water balance and remote sensing methods","volume":"25","author":"Senay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2010.12.015","article-title":"Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy","volume":"98","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.013","article-title":"Combining the triangle method with thermal inertia to estimate regional evapotranspiration\u2014Applied to MSG-SEVIRI data in the Senegal River basin","volume":"112","author":"Stisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-223-2011","article-title":"Mapping daily evapotranspiration at field to continental scales using geostationary and polar orbiting satellite imagery","volume":"15","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.02.013","article-title":"Scaling of potential evapotranspiration with MODIS data reproduces flux observations and catchment water balance observations across Australia","volume":"369","author":"Guerschman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.006","article-title":"Global estimates of evapotranspiration for climate studies using multi-sensor remote sensing data: Evaluation of three process-based approaches","volume":"115","author":"Vinukollu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.019","article-title":"Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm","volume":"115","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/jawr.12057","article-title":"Operational evapotranspiration mapping using remote sensing and weather datasets: A new parameterization for the SSEB approach","volume":"49","author":"Senay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/88\/68003","article-title":"An information-theoretic approach to statistical dependence: Copula information","volume":"88","author":"Calsaverini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Europhys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"9502","article-title":"Multiscale spatial recorrelation of RCM precipitation to produce unbiased climate change scenarios over large areas and small","volume":"48","author":"Pegram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2018.163","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variability and empirical Copula-based dependence structure of modelled and observed coupled water and energy fluxes","volume":"49","author":"Soltani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"W11416.1","article-title":"Copula-based statistical models for groundwater quality parameters","volume":"42","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-2705-2016","article-title":"Investigation of hydrological time series using copulas for detecting catchment characteristics and anthropogenic impacts","volume":"20","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2016.049","article-title":"Bivariate design flood quantile selection using copulas","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2017.109","article-title":"Derivation of flood frequency curves through a bivariate rainfall distribution based on copula functions: Application to an urban catchment in northern Italy\u2019s climate","volume":"48","author":"Balistrocchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1852","article-title":"Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa","volume":"29","author":"Laux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3499","article-title":"Copula-based spatio-temporal patterns of precipitation extremes in China","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-19-1787-2015","article-title":"Stochastic bias correction of dynamically downscaled precipitation fields for Germany through Copula-based integration of gridded observation data","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-2401-2011","article-title":"Copula-based statistical refinement of precipitation in RCM simulations over complex terrain","volume":"15","author":"Laux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, R., Henriksen, H.J., and Stisen, S. (2020, May 20). A Robust Objective Function for Calibration of Groundwater Models in Light of Deficiencies of Model Structure and Observations. Available online: https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/preprints\/hess-2019-685\/.","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-2019-685"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10097","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025447","article-title":"Water storage in reservoirs built from 1997 to 2014 significantly altered the calculated evapotranspiration trends over China","volume":"121","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.013","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of two MODIS evapotranspiration products over the conterminous United States: Using point and gridded FLUXNET and water balance ET","volume":"139","author":"Velpuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.031","article-title":"Coupled estimation of 500m and 8-day resolution global evapotranspiration and gross primary production in 2002\u20132017","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02265-Y","article-title":"Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Vejen, F., Vilic, K., and Jensen, H. (2014). Korrigeret Nedb\u00f8r 1989\u20132010, 2011\u20132012 and 2013, DMI Technical Report 14-13, Danish Meteorological Institute. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-453-2011","article-title":"Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations","volume":"15","author":"Miralles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-771-2011","article-title":"Evapotranspiration modelling at large scale using near-real time MSG SEVIRI derived data","volume":"15","author":"Ghilain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"205","article-title":"Evaporation and the environment","volume":"19","author":"Monteith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9037-z","article-title":"Estimating land surface evaporation: A review of methods using remotely sensed surface temperature data","volume":"29","author":"Kalma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(03)00186-0","article-title":"Methodology for construction, calibration and validation of a national hydrological model for Denmark","volume":"280","author":"Henriksen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-4157-2012","article-title":"On the importance of appropriate precipitation gauge catch correction for hydrological modelling at mid to high latitudes","volume":"16","author":"Stisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.09.010","article-title":"Stakeholder driven update and improvement of a national water resources model","volume":"40","author":"Troldborg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(86)90114-9","article-title":"An introduction to the European Hydrological System \u2014Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, \u201cSHE\u201d, 1: History and philosophy of a physically based, distributed modelling system","volume":"87","author":"Abbott","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Graham, D.N., and Butts, M.B. (2005). Flexible, integrated watershed modelling with MIKE SHE. Watershed Models, Taylor and Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.08.030","article-title":"Model parameter analysis using remotely sensed pattern information in a multi-constraint framework","volume":"409","author":"Stisen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.08.003","article-title":"Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling","volume":"377","author":"Gupta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Stisen, S., Ondracek, M., Troldborg, L., Schneider, R., and Jon van Til, M. (2020, February 01). National Vandressource Model Modelopstilling og Kalibrering af DK-Model 2019 (In Danish). Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland\u2014Report. Available online: http:\/\/dk.vandmodel.dk\/media\/21560\/geusrapport2019_31_dkmodel2019_web-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sklar, A. (1959). Fonctions de Repartition \u00e1 n Dimensions et Leurs Marges, Publications de l\u2019Institut de statistique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Paris."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvadori, G., Michele, C.D., Kottegoda, N., and Rosso, R. (2007). Extremes in Nature: An Approach Using Copulas. Water Science and Technology Library, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4415-1"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"D10103","article-title":"A multisite daily rainfall generator driven by bivariate copula-based mixed distrbutions","volume":"114","author":"Serinaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelsen, R. (1999). An Introduction to Copulas, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3076-0"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0699(2007)12:4(347)","article-title":"Everything you always wanted to know about copula modeling but were afraid to ask","volume":"12","author":"Genest","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v084.i07","article-title":"kdecopula: An R Package for the Kernel Estimation of Bivariate Copula Densities","volume":"84","author":"Nagler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"274","article-title":"La fonction de d\u00e9pendance empirique et ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s: Un test non param\u00e9trique d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance, Acad\u00e9mie Royale de Belgique. Bulletin de la Classe des","volume":"65","author":"Deheuvels","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sciences"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.101","article-title":"Principal component analysis","volume":"2","author":"Abdi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wires Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I. (2002). Principal Component Analysis, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, G.R. (2018). Advances in Principal Component Analysis: Research and Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6704-4"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Cappelen, J., Kern-Hansen, C., Vaarby Laursen, E., Viskum J\u00f8rgensen, P., and Vraa J\u00f8rgensen, B. (2018). DMI Report 19-02: Denmark-DMI Historical Climate Data Collection 1768\u20132018, Danish Meteorological Institute. Available online: https:\/\/www.dmi.dk\/publikationer\/."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Poulsen, J.B. (2013). Stream Flow\u2013Its Estimation, Uncertainty and Interaction with Groundwater and Floodplains, Aarhus University."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.3390\/en7052821","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation with remote sensing and various surface energy balance algorithms\u2014A review","volume":"7","author":"Liou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-20-823-2016","article-title":"The WACMOS-ET project\u2014Part 2: Evaluation of global land evaporation data sets","volume":"20","author":"Miralles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.006","article-title":"Scale influences on the remote estimation of evapotranspiration using multiple satellite sensors","volume":"105","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/5\/853\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:28:20Z","timestamp":1760160500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/5\/853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13050853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13050853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]}}}