{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T22:44:21Z","timestamp":1776120261187,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information on pavement layer thickness is very important for determining bearing capacity, estimating remaining life and strengthening planning. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method used for determining the continuous pavement layer thickness in the travel direction. The data obtained with GPR in one survey line is suitable for the needs of repair and rehabilitation planning of roads and highways, but not for wider traffic areas such as airfield pavements. Spatial representation of pavement thickness is more useful for airfield pavements but requires a 3D model. In the absence of 3D GPR, a 3D model of pavement thickness can be created by additional processing of GPR data obtained from multiple survey lines. Five 3D models of asphalt pavements were created to determine how different numbers of survey lines affect their accuracy. The distance between survey lines ranges from 1 to 5 m. The accuracy of the 3D models is determined by comparing the asphalt layer thickness on the model with the values measured on 22 cores. The results, as expected, show that the highest accuracy is achieved for the 3D model created with a distance of 1 m between survey lines, with an average relative error of up to 1.5%. The lowest accuracy was obtained for the 3D model created with a distance of 4 m between the survey lines, with an average relative error of 7.4%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T04:36:24Z","timestamp":1614314184000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Spatial Representation of GPR Data\u2014Accuracy of Asphalt Layers Thickness Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-9139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160ime","family":"Bezina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Ka\u010di\u0107a-Mio\u0161i\u0107a 26, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivica","family":"Stan\u010deri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Ka\u010di\u0107a-Mio\u0161i\u0107a 26, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Josipa","family":"Domitrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Ka\u010di\u0107a-Mio\u0161i\u0107a 26, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Rukavina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transportation Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Fra Andrije Ka\u010di\u0107a-Mio\u0161i\u0107a 26, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2006.09.001","article-title":"Accuracy of pavement thicknesses estimation using different ground penetrating radar analysis approaches","volume":"40","author":"Loizos","year":"2007","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2020.08.024","article-title":"Analysis of The Flexible Pavement Using Falling Weight Deflectometer for Indian National Highway Road Network","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. 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