{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T21:14:44Z","timestamp":1768079684210,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41675133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41675133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas and several satellites have been launched to monitor the atmospheric CO2 at regional and global scales. Evaluation of the measurements obtained from these satellites against accurate and precise instruments is crucial. In this work, aircraft measurements of CO2 were carried out over Qinhuangdao, China (39.9354\u00b0N, 119.6005\u00b0E), on 14, 16, and 19 March 2019 to validate the Greenhous gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) and the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) CO2 retrievals. The airborne in situ instruments were mounted on a research aircraft and the measurements were carried out between the altitudes of ~0.5 and 8.0 km to obtain the vertical profiles of CO2. The profiles captured a decrease in CO2 concentration from the surface to maximum altitude. Moreover, the vertical profiles from GEOS-Chem and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CarbonTracker were also compared with in situ and satellite datasets. The satellite and the model datasets captured the vertical structure of CO2 when compared with in situ measurements, which showed good agreement among the datasets. The dry-air column-averaged CO2 mole fractions (XCO2) retrieved from OCO-2 and GOSAT showed biases of 1.33 ppm (0.32%) and \u22121.70 ppm (\u22120.41%), respectively, relative to the XCO2 derived from in situ measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T20:55:44Z","timestamp":1614459344000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Validation of GOSAT and OCO-2 against In Situ Aircraft Measurements and Comparison with CarbonTracker and GEOS-Chem over Qinhuangdao, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8827-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhan","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao 266000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingbing","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3427-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minqiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0473-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-8700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana Waqar","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9002-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Arfan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1167-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Environmental Remote Sensing (LERS), School of Marine Sciences (SMS), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00809-8","article-title":"Forty years of ice-core records of CO2","volume":"579","author":"Petit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dlugokencky Ed, T.P. (2020, May 03). 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