{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:12:33Z","timestamp":1775326353473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB0504805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504805"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Bureau of International Co\u2011operation Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["181811KYSB20160040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181811KYSB20160040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of view (FOV) of pushbroom hyperspectral imager is limited by the compromise of the detector scale and requirements of spatial resolution. Combining imagers along the sampling direction effectively expands its FOV and improves the imaging efficiency. Due to the small overlapping area between the adjacent imagers, stitching the images using traditional methods need a large amount of ground control points (GCPs) or additional strips, which reduce the efficiency of both image acquisition and processing. This paper proposed a new method to precisely stitch images acquired from multiple pushbroom imagers. First, the relative orientation model was built based on the homonymy points to calculate the relative relationship between the adjacent imagers. Then rigorous geometric imaging model was adopted to generate a seamless stitching image. Simulation data was used to verify the accuracy of the method and to quantitatively analyze the effect of different error sources. Results show that the stitching accuracy is better than two pixels. Overall, this method provides a novel solution for stitching airborne multiple pushbroom images, to generate the seamless stitching image with wide FOV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13051001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1615153935000},"page":"1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Image Stitching Method for Airborne Wide-Swath HyperSpectral Imaging System Equipped with Multiple Imagers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jingmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Yongxiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Qijin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Xuyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing SpaceWill Info. Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089,China"}]},{"given":"Guozhong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying &amp; Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"}]},{"given":"Chuanrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing Information Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2015.12.008","article-title":"High Speed Measurement of Corn Seed Viability using Hyperspectral Imaging","volume":"75","author":"Ambrose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2011.2176468","article-title":"Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data for Retrieving Canopy Chlorophyll and Nitrogen Content","volume":"5","author":"Clevers","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2013.06.098","article-title":"Hyperspectral Image Analysis in Environmental Monitoring: Setup of a New Tunable Filter Platform","volume":"19","author":"Moroni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2019.2902525","article-title":"Hyperspectral Imaging for Military and Security Applications: Combining Myriad Processing and Sensing Techniques","volume":"7","author":"Shimoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2019.103115","article-title":"Status and Application of Advanced Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging Technology: A review","volume":"104","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"689","article-title":"An Airborne Pushbroom Hyperspectral Imager with Wide Field of View","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Yuan, L.Y., Wang, S.W., Yu, H.X., Zhang, C.X., He, D.G., Han, G.C., Wang, J.Y., and Wang, Y.M. (2019). Wide Swath and High Resolution Airborne Hyperspectral Imaging System and Flight Validation. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071667"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hu, F. (2010). Research on Inner FOV Stitching Theories and Algorithms for Sub-Images of Three Non-Collinear TDI CCD Chips. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wuhan University]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Karsten, J. (July, January 28). Geometric and Information Potential of IRS-1C PAN-images. Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS\u201999 (Cat. No.99CH36293), Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-0002-3","article-title":"Automatic Panoramic Image Stitching using Invariant Features","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"374","article-title":"Image Mosaic for TDICCD Push-broom Camera Image Based on Image Matching","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"154","article-title":"Automatic Mosaic Method of Large Field View and Multi-Channel Remote Sensing Images of TDICCD Cameras","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, W.C., Zhu, S.L., Zhu, B.S., and Bian, S.J. (2013). The Research of TDI-CCDs Imagery Stitching Using Information Mending Algorithm. International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2013: Imaging Sensors and Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2033285"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"55","article-title":"Image Stitching System Based on ORB Feature-based Technique and Compensation Blending","volume":"6","author":"Adel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"696","article-title":"Inner FOV Stitching Algorithm of Spaceborne Optical Sensor Based on the Virtual CCD Line","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Image Graph."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"191","article-title":"Triple Linear-array Image Geometry Model of ZiYuan-3 Surveying Satellite and Its Validation","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Et Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"118","article-title":"Inner FOV Stitching of Spaceborne Multispectral Camera Based on Virtual CCD Line under Back Projection in Object-space","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spacecr. Recovery Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"436","article-title":"Inner FOV Stitching of ZY-1 02C HR Camera Based on Virtual CCD Line","volume":"040","author":"Jun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6386","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6076386","article-title":"Inner FoV Stitching of Spaceborne TDI CCD Images Based on Sensor Geometry and Projection Plane in Object Space","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y.F., Jin, S.Y., Wang, M., Zhu, Y., and Dong, Z.P. (2017). Image Mosaicking Approach for a Double-camera System in the GaoFen2 Optical Remote Sensing Satellite Based on the Big Virtual Camera. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061441"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.03.018","article-title":"Stitching Images of Dual-cameras Onboard Satellite","volume":"128","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isprs J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenz, A., Schilling, H., Perpeet, D., and Middelmann, W. (2014, January 13\u201318). Automatic In-flight Boresight Calibration Considering Topography for Hyperspectral Pushbroom sensors. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6947103"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-W1-369-2013","article-title":"Geometric Correction of Airborne Linear Array Image Based on Bias Matrix","volume":"XL-1\/W1","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17297","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215883","article-title":"Toward High Altitude Airship Ground-Based Boresight Calibration of Hyperspectral Pushbroom Imaging Sensors","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"973","article-title":"Boresight Misalignment and Position Offset Calibration of Push-broom Hyperspectral Sensor Integrated POS System","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, C.K., and Tsai, V.J.D. (2011, January 24\u201329). Self-calibrated Direct Geo-referencing of Airborne Pushbroom Hyperspectral Images. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049816"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2813263","article-title":"Boresight Calibration of GNSS\/INS-Assisted Push-Broom Hyperspectral Scanners on UAV Platforms","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zhang, L.Y. (2013). Research and Realization on Registration Technology of Narrow Overlapping Imaging Spectrometer Data. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shandong University]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"54","article-title":"Analysis of and Transformation between HPR and OPK Angles for The GPS \/INS System","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1628","article-title":"Calibration of Geometric Parameters of Line Array CCD Camera Based on Exact Measuring Angle in Lab","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"887","article-title":"Vertical Accuracy Assessment of SRTM and ASTER GDEM over Typical Regions of China Using ICESat\/GLAS","volume":"38","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Earth Sci. J. China Univ. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-III-4-25-2016","article-title":"Validation of \u2018AW3D\u2019 global DSM Generated from ALOS PRISM","volume":"3","author":"Takaku","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/5\/1001\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:33:57Z","timestamp":1760160837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/5\/1001"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13051001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13051001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]}}}