{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T03:33:46Z","timestamp":1782012826716,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["42074184, 41674183, 41974184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42074184, 41674183, 41974184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents observations of nighttime spread F\/ionospheric irregularities and spread Es at low and middle latitudes in the South East Asia longitude of China sectors during the recovery phase of the 7\u20139 September 2017 geomagnetic storm. In this study, multiple observations, including a chain of three ionosondes located about the longitude of 100\u00b0E, Swarm satellites, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ROTI maps, were used to study the development process and evolution characteristics of the nighttime spread F\/ionospheric irregularities at low and middle latitudes. Interestingly, spread F and intense spread Es were simultaneously observed by three ionosondes during the recovery phase. Moreover, associated ionospheric irregularities could be observed by Swarm satellites and ground-based GNSS ionospheric TEC. Nighttime spread F and spread Es at low and middle latitudes might be due to multiple off-vertical reflection echoes from the large-scale tilts in the bottom ionosphere. In addition, we found that the periods of the disturbance ionosphere are ~1 h at ZHY station, ~1.5 h at LSH station and ~1 h at PUR station, respectively. It suggested that the large-scale tilts in the bottom ionosphere might be produced by LSTIDs (Large scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances), which might be induced by the high-latitude energy inputs during the recovery phase of this storm. Furthermore, the associated ionospheric irregularities observed by satellites and ground-based GNSS receivers might be caused by the local electric field induced by LSTIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13051010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]],"date-time":"2021-03-07T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1615153935000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Ionosonde Observations of Spread F and Spread Es at Low and Middle Latitudes during the Recovery Phase of the 7\u20139 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lehui","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2834-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaogai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ercha","family":"Aa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wengeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Scattering of radio waves by theF-region of the ionosphere","volume":"43","author":"Booker","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. 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