{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:56:55Z","timestamp":1780451815426,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences; the National Natural Science Foundation of China; the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["XDB42000000, XDA11010204; 92058202, 91858103; 2017YFA0604102, 2016YFC1402705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB42000000, XDA11010204; 92058202, 91858103; 2017YFA0604102, 2016YFC1402705"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the world ocean and well researched both globally and regionally, while their properties and distributions across the whole Indonesian Seas are not yet fully understood. This study investigates for the first time the spatiotemporal variations and generation mechanisms of mesoscale eddies across the whole Indonesian Seas. Eddies are detected from altimetry sea level anomalies by an automatic identification algorithm. The Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea, Maluku Sea and Banda Sea are the main eddy generation regions. More than 80% of eddies are short-lived with a lifetime below 30 days. The properties of eddies exhibit high spatial inhomogeneity, with the typical amplitudes and radiuses of 2\u20136 cm and 50\u2013160 km, respectively. The most energetic eddies are observed in the Sulawesi Sea and Seram Sea. Eddies feature different seasonal cycles between anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies in each basin, especially given that the average latitude of the eddy centroid has inverse seasonal variations. About 48% of eddies in the Sulawesi Sea are highly nonlinear, which is the case for less than 30% in the Sulu Sea and Banda Sea. Instability analysis is performed using high-resolution model outputs from Bluelink Reanalysis to assess mechanisms of eddy generation. Barotropic instability of the mean flow dominates eddy generation in the Sulu Sea and Sulawesi Sea, while baroclinic instability is slightly more in the Maluku Sea and Banda Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13051017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T12:12:18Z","timestamp":1615205538000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Spatiotemporal Variability of Mesoscale Eddies in the Indonesian Seas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhanjiu","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoshu","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2010.02","article-title":"Eddy dynamics from satellite altimetry","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2011.01.002","article-title":"Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies","volume":"91","author":"Chelton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. 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