{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:51:28Z","timestamp":1783011088445,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]],"date-time":"2021-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41521004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41521004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA2006010301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA2006010301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The satellite-based estimation of the dust mass concentration (DMC) is essential for accurately evaluating the global biogeochemical cycle of the dust aerosols. As for the uncertainties in estimating DMC caused by mixing dust and pollutants and assuming a fixed value for the mass extinction efficiency (MEE), a classic lidar-photometer method is employed to identify and separate the dust from pollutants, obtain the dust MEE, and evaluate the effect of the above uncertainties, during five dust field experiments in Northwest China. Our results show that this method is effective for continental aerosol mixtures consisting of dust and pollutants. It is also seen that the dust loading mainly occurred in the free troposphere (&lt;6 km), with the average mass loading of 905 \u00b1 635 \u00b5g m\u22122 trapped in the planetary boundary layer. The dust MEE ranges from 0.30 to 0.60 m2 g\u22121 and has a significantly negative relationship with the size of dust particles. With the assumption of the dust MEE of 0.37 (0.60) m2 g\u22121, the DMC is shown to be overestimated (underestimated) by 20\u201340% (15\u201330%). In other words, our results suggest that the change of MEE with the size of dust particles should be considered in the estimation of DMC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,14]],"date-time":"2021-03-14T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1615765926000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Profiling Dust Mass Concentration in Northwest China Using a Joint Lidar and Sun-Photometer Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3584-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000500","article-title":"Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11398","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021796","article-title":"Climate effects of dust aerosols over East Asian arid and semiarid regions","volume":"119","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD032942","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032942","article-title":"Climatology of dust-forced radiative heating over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L19802","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026561","article-title":"Satellite-based assessment of possible dust aerosols semi-direct effect on cloud water path over East Asia","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Minnis, P., Lin, B., Wang, T., Yi, Y., Hu, Y., Sun-Mack, S., and Ayers, K. (2006). Possible influences of Asian dust aerosols on cloud properties and radiative forcing observed from MODIS and CERES. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024724"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz191","article-title":"Attribution of the Tibetan Plateau to northern drought","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.04.001","article-title":"Impact of dust-polluted convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau on downstream precipitation","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6719160","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6719160","article-title":"Ten Years of Aerosol Effects on Single-Layer Overcast Clouds over the U.S. Southern Great Plains and the China Loess Plateau","volume":"2020","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB4026","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003240","article-title":"Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts","volume":"22","author":"Mahowald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063040","article-title":"The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations","volume":"42","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.10.054","article-title":"Transport of East Asian dust storms to the marginal seas of China and the southern North Pacific in spring 2010","volume":"148","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prospero, J.M., Barkley, A.E., Gaston, C.J., Gatineau, A., Sansano, A.C.Y., and Panechou, K. (2020). Characterizing and Quantifying African Dust Transport and Deposition to South America: Implications for the Phosphorus Budget in the Amazon Basin. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GB006536"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GB004802","article-title":"Characterizing the annual cycle of African dust transport to the Caribbean Basin and South America and its impact on the environment and air quality","volume":"28","author":"Prospero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00039-06","article-title":"Atmospheric movement of microorganisms in clouds of desert dust and implications for human health","volume":"20","author":"Griffin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2011.02.001","article-title":"Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science","volume":"2","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143714","article-title":"Identifying a transport mechanism of dust aerosols over South Asia to the Tibetan Plateau: A case study","volume":"758","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD021099","article-title":"Sources, sinks, and transatlantic transport of North African dust aerosol: A multimodel analysis and comparison with remote sensing data","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-2401-2017","article-title":"Emission, transport, and radiative effects of mineral dust from the Taklimakan and Gobi deserts: Comparison of measurements and model results","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00909-3","article-title":"Dust dominates high-altitude snow darkening and melt over high-mountain Asia","volume":"10","author":"Sarangi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2912","article-title":"Integrative analysis of desert dust size and abundance suggests less dust climate cooling","volume":"10","author":"Kok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7781","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-7781-2011","article-title":"Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I","volume":"11","author":"Huneeus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10S12","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004436","article-title":"Dust transport and deposition observed from the Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic Ocean","volume":"110","author":"Kaufman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Ma, Y., Zhang, M., Gong, W., Dubovik, O., Liu, B., Shi, Y., and Yang, C. (2019). Retrieval of 500 m Aerosol Optical Depths from MODIS Measurements over Urban Surfaces under Heavy Aerosol Loading Conditions in Winter. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192218"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5923","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-5923-2020","article-title":"Impact of topography on black carbon transport to the southern Tibetan Plateau during the pre-monsoon season and its climatic implication","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10329","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026976","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS Deep Blue Aerosol Algorithm in Desert Region of East Asia: Ground Validation and Intercomparison","volume":"122","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.010","article-title":"Quantification of trans-Atlantic dust transport from seven-year (2007\u20132013) record of CALIPSO lidar measurements","volume":"159","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RG3005","DOI":"10.1029\/2012RG000388","article-title":"Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products","volume":"50","author":"Ginoux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11653","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11653-2015","article-title":"Detection of anthropogenic dust using CALIPSO lidar measurements","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030574","article-title":"Estimates of African Dust Deposition Along the Trans-Atlantic Transit Using the Decadelong Record of Aerosol Measurements from CALIOP, MODIS, MISR, and IASI","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-1265-2015","article-title":"Evaluation of CALIOP 532 nm aerosol optical depth over opaque water clouds","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00C03","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009551","article-title":"Physical and optical properties of mineral dust aerosol during the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment","volume":"113","author":"Osborne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.777","article-title":"Physical and optical properties of mineral dust aerosol measured by aircraft during the GERBILS campaign","volume":"137","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00392.x","article-title":"Airborne measurements of dust layer properties, particle size distribution and mixing state of Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006","volume":"61","author":"Weinzierl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.003178","article-title":"Vertical profiles of pure dust and mixed smoke-dust plumes inferred from inversion of multiwavelength Raman\/polarization lidar data and comparison to AERONET retrievals and in situ observations","volume":"52","author":"Veselovskii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-7-3717-2014","article-title":"Fine and coarse dust separation with polarization lidar","volume":"7","author":"Mamouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8592","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002536","article-title":"Mineral dust aerosol size distribution change during atmospheric transport","volume":"108","author":"Maring","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00U02","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015567","article-title":"Ash and fine-mode particle mass profiles from EARLINET-AERONET observations over central Europe after the eruptions of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010","volume":"116","author":"Ansmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1707-2013","article-title":"Evaluation of the Lidar\/Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC) to determine microphysical properties of volcanic and desert dust","volume":"6","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3243-2013","article-title":"Assessment of aerosol\u2019s mass concentrations from measured linear particle depolarization ratio (vertically resolved) and simulations","volume":"6","author":"Nemuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-3403-2017","article-title":"Potential of polarization\/Raman lidar to separate fine dust, coarse dust, maritime, and anthropogenic aerosol profiles","volume":"10","author":"Mamouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8633","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003550","article-title":"An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts","volume":"108","author":"Huebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.03.001","article-title":"Aeolian dust experiment on climate impact: An overview of Japan-China joint project ADEC","volume":"52","author":"Mikami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D23212","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010620","article-title":"Long-range transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"D00K34","article-title":"East Asian Studies of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Climate (EAST-AIRC): An overview","volume":"116","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06202","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005274","article-title":"Columnar aerosol optical properties at AERONET sites in central eastern Asia and aerosol transport to the tropical mid-Pacific","volume":"110","author":"Eck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3303","article-title":"Overview of SKYNET and its activities","volume":"37","author":"Takamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24S91","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009009","article-title":"Overview of the Atmospheric Brown Cloud East Asian Regional Experiment 2005 and a study of the aerosol direct radiative forcing in east Asia","volume":"112","author":"Nakajima","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D03206","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011030","article-title":"Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network","volume":"114","author":"Che","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7619","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7619-2015","article-title":"Ground-based aerosol climatology of China: Aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) 2002\u20132013","volume":"15","author":"Che","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-7775-2017","article-title":"Measurement of scattering and absorption properties of dust aerosol in a Gobi farmland region of northwestern China\u2014A potential anthropogenic influence","volume":"17","author":"Bi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19S04","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004323","article-title":"Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols from Zhenbeitai, China, and Gosan, South Korea, during ACE-Asia","volume":"109","author":"Arimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19S03","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004239","article-title":"Aerosol chemical, physical, and radiative characteristics near a desert source region of northwest China during ACE-Asia","volume":"109","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3788\/COL20090705.0368","article-title":"A method for estimating optical properties of dusty cloud","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Huang, J., Bi, J., Wang, G., Wang, W., Fu, Q., Li, Z., Tsay, S.-C., and Shi, J. (2010). Dust aerosol vertical structure measurements using three MPL lidars during 2008 China-U.S. joint dust field experiment. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013273"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2012.07.025","article-title":"Field measurement of clear-sky solar irradiance in Badain Jaran Desert of Northwestern China","volume":"122","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-2119-2018","article-title":"Optical and microphysical properties of natural mineral dust and anthropogenic soil dust near dust source regions over northwestern China","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7815","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7815-2018","article-title":"Radiative absorption enhancement of dust mixed with anthropogenic pollution over East Asia","volume":"18","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28041","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02300","article-title":"Dust emission from Chinese desert sources linked to variations in atmospheric circulation","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"512","article-title":"Elemental tracers for Chinese source dust","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-008-0906-7","article-title":"An Overview of the Semi-arid Climate and Environment Research Observatory over the Loess Plateau","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0431:FTESCA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Full-time, eye-safe cloud and aerosol lidar observation at atmospheric radiation measurement program sites: Instruments and data processing","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30732","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.030732","article-title":"Automated detection of cloud and aerosol features with SACOL micro-pulse lidar in northwest China","volume":"25","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"4559","article-title":"Spectral discrimination of coarse and fine mode optical depth","volume":"108","author":"Eck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11208","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006619","article-title":"Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust","volume":"111","author":"Dubovik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"590","article-title":"Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations","volume":"59","author":"Dubovik","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"D11207","article-title":"Mineral dust observed with AERONET Sun photometer, Raman lidar, and in situ instruments during SAMUM 2006: Shape-independent particle properties","volume":"115","author":"Weinzierl","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20255","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000053","article-title":"Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model","volume":"106","author":"Ginoux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-2209-2011","article-title":"Volcanic ash from Iceland over Munich: Mass concentration retrieved from ground-based remote sensing measurements","volume":"11","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4775-2018","article-title":"Separation of the optical and mass features of particle components in different aerosol mixtures by using POLIPHON retrievals in synergy with continuous polarized Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL) measurements","volume":"11","author":"Sicard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.002785","article-title":"Novel polarization-sensitive micropulse lidar measurement technique","volume":"15","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Xie, H., Bi, J., Huang, Z., Huang, J., Shi, J., Zhang, B., and Zhang, W. (2018). Lidar Measurements of Dust Aerosols during Three Field Campaigns in 2010, 2011 and 2012 over Northwestern China. Atmosphere, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9050173"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D22S35","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008086","article-title":"Vertical distribution and optical properties of aerosols observed over Japan during the Atmospheric Brown Clouds\u2014East Asia Regional Experiment 2005","volume":"112","author":"Hayasaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2008.00396.x","article-title":"Depolarization ratio profiling at several wavelengths in pure Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006","volume":"61","author":"Freudenthaler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0889.2011.00556.x","article-title":"Characterization of Saharan dust, marine aerosols and mixtures of biomass-burning aerosols and dust by means of multi-wavelength depolarization and Raman lidar measurements during SAMUM 2","volume":"63","author":"Tesche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D23213","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016619","article-title":"The May\/June 2008 Saharan dust event over Munich: Intensive aerosol parameters from lidar measurements","volume":"116","author":"Wiegner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D19S17","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003253","article-title":"Continuous observations of Asian dust and other aerosols by polarization lidars in China and Japan during ACE-Asia","volume":"109","author":"Shimizu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1640","article-title":"Record heavy Asian dust in Beijing in 2002: Observations and model analysis of recent events","volume":"30","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13817","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-13817-2020","article-title":"The characterization of Taklamakan dust properties using a multiwavelength Raman polarization lidar in Kashi, China","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9265","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-9265-2020","article-title":"Optical properties of Central Asian aerosol relevant for spaceborne lidar applications and aerosol typing at 355 and 532 nm","volume":"20","author":"Hofer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6107","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-6107-2018","article-title":"The CALIPSO version 4 automated aerosol classification and lidar ratio selection algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.08.003","article-title":"Vertical mass impact and features of Saharan dust intrusions derived from ground-based remote sensing in synergy with airborne in-situ measurements","volume":"142","author":"Adame","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9399","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9399-2012","article-title":"Profiling of fine and coarse particle mass: Case studies of Saharan dust and Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull\/Grimsv\u00f6tn volcanic plumes","volume":"12","author":"Ansmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.08.001","article-title":"Aerosol properties of mineral dust and its mixtures in a regional background of north-central Iberian Peninsula","volume":"572","author":"Burgos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117738","article-title":"Assessment of dominating aerosol properties and their long-term trend in the Pan-Third Pole region: A study with 10-year multi-sensor measurements","volume":"239","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15501","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-15501-2016","article-title":"Comparison of key absorption and optical properties between pure and transported anthropogenic dust over East and Central Asia","volume":"16","author":"Bi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-12-4849-2019","article-title":"Dust mass, cloud condensation nuclei, and ice-nucleating particle profiling with polarization lidar: Updated POLIPHON conversion factors from global AERONET analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ansmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-723-2011","article-title":"Observations of Saharan dust microphysical and optical properties from the Eastern Atlantic during NAMMA airborne field campaign","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D13202","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011862","article-title":"Vertically resolved separation of dust and smoke over Cape Verde using multiwavelength Raman and polarization lidars during Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment 2008","volume":"114","author":"Tesche","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1760160923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13061099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13061099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,13]]}}}