{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:04:05Z","timestamp":1776773045939,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI_B 00741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI_B 00741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) is a group of advanced interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques used to measure and monitor terrain deformation. Sentinel-1 has improved the data acquisition throughout and, compared to previous sensors, increased considerably the differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) and PSI deformation monitoring potential. The low density of persistent scatterer (PS) in non-urban areas is a critical issue in DInSAR and has inspired the development of alternative approaches and refinement of the PS chains. This paper proposes two different and complementary data-driven procedures to obtain terrain deformation maps. These approaches aim to exploit Sentinel-1 highly coherent interferograms and their short revisit time. The first approach, called direct integration (DI), aims at providing a very fast and straightforward approach to screen-wide areas and easily detects active areas. This approach fully exploits the coherent interferograms from consecutive images provided by Sentinel-1, resulting in a very high sampling density. However, it lacks robustness and its usability lays on the operator experience. The second method, called persistent scatterer interferometry geomatics (PSIG) short temporal baseline, provides a constrained application of the PSIG chain, the CTTC approach to the PSI. It uses short temporal baseline interferograms and does not assume any deformation model for point selection. It is also quite a straightforward approach, which improves the performances of the standard PSIG approach, increasing the PS density and providing robust measurements. The effectiveness of the approaches is illustrated through analyses performed on different test sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T21:42:41Z","timestamp":1615930961000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sentinel-1 A-DInSAR Approaches to Map and Monitor Ground Displacements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8147-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vrinda","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Cangwu Road 59, Haizhou District, Lianyungang 222005, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6254-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"L\u00f3pez-Vinielles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEMAV SL, Carrer d\u2019Esteve Terrades 1, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering (ETSI CCP), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Calle Profesor Aranguren s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Calle de R\u00edos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8325-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Reyes-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geohazards InSAR Laboratory and Modelling Group (InSARlab), Geoscience Research Department, Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Calle de R\u00edos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Palam\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geomatics, Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Crippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Milan, via Cicognara 7, I-20129 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4718-2545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), C. 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