{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:38:46Z","timestamp":1765546726769,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to describe the interannual climate variability in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) under austral summer conditions. Time series of January sea-surface temperature (SST) at 1 km spatial resolution from satellite-based multi-sensor data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Terra, MODIS Aqua, and Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) were compiled between 2001 and 2020 at localities near the Gerlache Strait and the Carlini, Palmer, and Rothera research stations. The results revealed a well-marked spatial-temporal variability in SST at the WAP, with a one-year warm episode followed by a five-year cold episode. Warm waters (SST &gt; 0 \u00b0C) reach the coast during warm episodes but remain far from the shore during cold episodes. This behavior of warm waters may be related to the regional variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, particularly when the South Polar Front (carrying warm waters) reaches the WAP coast. The WAP can be divided into two zones representing two distinct ecoregions: the northern zone (including the Carlini and Gerlache stations) corresponds to the South Shetland Islands ecoregion, and the southern zone (including the Palmer and Rothera stations) corresponds to the Antarctic Peninsula ecoregion. The Gerlache Strait is likely situated on the border between the two ecoregions but under a greater influence of the northern zone. Our data showed that the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the primary driver of SST variability, while the El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a secondary role. However, further studies are needed to better understand regional climate variability in the WAP and its relation with SAM and ENSO; such studies should use an index that adequately describes the ENSO in these latitudes and addresses the limitations of the databases used for this purpose. Multi-sensor data are useful in describing the complex climate variability resulting from the combination of local and regional processes that elicit different responses across the WAP. It is also essential to continue improving SST approximations at high latitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T21:42:41Z","timestamp":1615930961000},"page":"1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Interannual Climate Variability in the West Antarctic Peninsula under Austral Summer Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Santamar\u00eda-del-\u00c1ngel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8144-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary-Luz","family":"Ca\u00f1on-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Oceanograf\u00eda Costera, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General Mar\u00edtima, Centro de Investigaciones Oceanogr\u00e1ficas e Hidrogr\u00e1ficas, Cartagena 13001, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8042-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Teresa","family":"Sebasti\u00e1-Frasquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paraninfo, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7817-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Silvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Angelica-L.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Water Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9312-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas-A.","family":"Aguilar-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Gesti\u00f3n Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paraninfo, 46730 Grau de Gandia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2517-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"L\u00f3pez-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2424-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Camacho-Ibar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Franco-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogot\u00e1 110311, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Castillo-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Oceanograf\u00eda Costera, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx\/NOx interaction","volume":"315","author":"Farman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"200","article-title":"Antarctic and global climate history viewed from ice cores","volume":"558","author":"Brook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao6379","article-title":"Sustained climate warming drives declining marine biological productivity","volume":"359","author":"Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp90061b","article-title":"Linkages between stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate change and their implications for terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"18","author":"Bornman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"COMNAP (2020, November 20). COMNAP Antarctic Station Catalogue. Available online: https:\/\/www.comnap.aq\/Members\/Shared%20Documents\/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370140402","article-title":"Recent climate variability in the vicinity of the Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"14","author":"King","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4318","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5318","article-title":"Winter and spring controls on the summer food web of the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"5","author":"Saba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"20170174","article-title":"Inter-decadal variability of phytoplankton biomass along the coastal West Antarctic Peninsula. Philos","volume":"376","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164533","article-title":"Recent Changes in Phytoplankton Communities Associated with Rapid Regional Climate Change Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"323","author":"Doney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2008.06.002","article-title":"Rapid warming of the ocean around South Georgia, Southern Ocean, during the 20th century: Forcings, characteristics and implications for lower trophic levels","volume":"55","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ca\u00f1on-P\u00e1ez, M.L., Santamar\u00eda-del-\u00c1ngel, E., Lopez Calder\u00f3n, J.M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Silveira, A.G., Camacho-Ibar, V.F., and Fran-co-Herrera, A. (2021). Changes in Community Structure Based on the Reconstruction of Type Spectra of the Specific Absorption Coefficient of Phytoplankton in the Gerlache Strait, (in preparation)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065116","article-title":"Climate change: Devil in the Detail","volume":"293","author":"Vaughan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.758","article-title":"Changes in Antarctic Peninsula tropospheric temperatures from 1956 to 1999: A synthesis of observations and reanalysis data","volume":"22","author":"Marshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026021217991","article-title":"Recent Rapid Regional Climate Warming on the Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"60","author":"Vaughan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024042","article-title":"Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic Peninsula during the second half of the 20th century","volume":"32","author":"Meredith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1029\/AR070p0105","article-title":"Surface air temperature variations in the Western Antarctic Peninsula region, in Foundations for Ecological Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antarct. Res. Ser."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1130","article-title":"Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years","volume":"25","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03003","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JG000886","article-title":"Spatial variation in seabed temperatures in the Southern Ocean: Implications for benthic ecology and biogeography","volume":"114","author":"Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170164","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2017.0164","article-title":"Shelf\u2013ocean exchange and hydrography west of the Antarctic Peninsula: A review","volume":"376","author":"Moffat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Vazquez, J., and Li, X. (2018). Sea Surface Temperature Retrievals from Remote Sensing. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e1-Frasquet, M.T. (2015). Anthropocentric bias in management policies. Are we efficiently monitoring our ecosystem?. Coastal Ecosystems: Experiences and Recommendations for Environmental Monitoring Programs, Nova Science Publishers. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2020, August 04). Palmer Long-Term Ecological Research. Available online: https:\/\/pal.lternet.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, August 04). Ocean Color Data, Available online: https:\/\/oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27999","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02370","article-title":"The development and operational application of nonlinear algorithms for the measurement of sea surface temperatures with the NOAA polar-orbiting environmental satellites","volume":"103","author":"Walton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.023","article-title":"A decade of sea surface temperature from MODIS","volume":"165","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbs010","article-title":"Spatial and temporal statistics of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll fronts in the California Current","volume":"34","author":"Kahru","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plankton Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2470250","article-title":"Optimized Merger of Ocean Chlorophyll Algorithms of MODIS-Aqua and VIIRS","volume":"12","author":"Kahru","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, November 20). Wim Software. Available online: https:\/\/www.wimsoft.com."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Arriaga, E., S\u00e1nchez-Gil, P., and Guti\u00e9rrez, J. (2019). Uso potencial de las anomal\u00edas estandarizadas en la interpretaci\u00f3n de fen\u00f3menos oceanogr\u00e1ficos globales a escalas locales. T\u00f3picos de Agenda para la Sostenibilidad de Costas y Mares Mexicanos, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Campeche. Chapter Procesos y ciclos en la costa.","DOI":"10.26359\/epomex.0519"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3615-z","article-title":"Impacts of winter NPO on subsequent winter ENSO: Sensitivity to the definition of NPO index","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Acu\u00f1a, E., Torres, C.R., Delgadillo-Hinojosa, F., Linero-Cueto, J.R., Santamar\u00eda-Del-\u00c1ngel, E., and Castro, R. (2019). The Baja California Peninsula, a Significant Source of Dust in Northwest Mexico. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10100582"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JA028748","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JA028748","article-title":"Power Spectral Density Background Estimate and Signal Detection via the Multitaper Method","volume":"126","author":"Viall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X0200200405","article-title":"The Clustergram: A Graph for Visualizing Hierarchical and Nonhierarchical Cluster Analyses","volume":"2","author":"Schonlau","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-010-9175-3","article-title":"Tests of Homoscedasticity, Normality, and Missing Completely at Random for Incomplete Multivariate Data","volume":"75","author":"Jamshidian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spl.2004.10.002","article-title":"Characterization-based Q\u2013Q plots for testing multinormality","volume":"70","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Probabil. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2020, August 04). Bureau of Meteorology, Available online: http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/current\/soihtm1.shtml."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<4134:TITSAM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from observations and reanalyses","volume":"16","author":"Marshall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2020, August 04). Climate Date Guide. Available online: https:\/\/climatedataguide.ucar.edu\/climate-data\/marshall-southern-annular-mode-sam-index-station-based."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2020, August 08). SAM Index. Available online: https:\/\/legacy.bas.ac.uk\/met\/gjma\/sam.html."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, August 12). Bureau Meteorology, Available online: http:\/\/www.bom.gov.au\/climate\/enso\/history\/ln-2010-12\/SAM-what.shtml."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Morales, J., Stuart, V., Platt, T., and Sathyendranath, S.J. (2011). A comparison of Chl a concentrations estimated in situ and Chl a concentrations determined via remote sensing: A statistical examination of the match-up approach. Handbook of Satellite Remote Sensing Image Interpretation: Applications for Marine Living Resources Conservation and Management, EU PRESPO and IOCCG. Available online: https:\/\/www.ioccg.org\/handbook\/casestudy17_angel_etal.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2017.28","article-title":"Null Hypothesis Significance Testing, p-values, Effects Sizes and Confidence Intervals","volume":"19","author":"Perdices","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Impair."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.12.059","article-title":"A Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient based decision tree and its parallel implementation","volume":"435","author":"Mu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.2307\/1270136","article-title":"Elementary Statistics","volume":"32","author":"Farnsworth","year":"1990","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokoska, S., and Nevison, C. (1989). Critical values for Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient. Statistical Tables and Formulae, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9629-1"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Morales, J., Stuart, V., Platt, T., and Sathyendranath, S.J. (2011). Determining dynamic biogeographic regions using remote sensing data. Handbook of Satellite Remote Sensing Image Interpretation: Applications for Marine Living Resources Conservation and Management, EU PRESPO and IOCCG. Available online: https:\/\/www.ioccg.org\/handbook\/casestudy19_angel_etal.pdf."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289233","article-title":"The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis","volume":"23","author":"Kaiser","year":"1958","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"221","article-title":"The Guttman-Kaiser Criterion as a Predictor of the Number of Common Factors","volume":"31","author":"Yeomans","year":"1982","journal-title":"Amer. Statist."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9473(94)00020-J","article-title":"Selection of components in principal component analysis: A comparison of methods","volume":"19","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1114906380","article-title":"Determining the correct number of components to extract from a principal components analysis: A Monte Carlo study of the accuracy of the scree plot","volume":"4","author":"Kanyongo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Schreiber, J.B. (2020). Issues and recommendations for exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. Res. Soc. Adm. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Navarro Fierro, R. (1988). Introducci\u00f3n a la bioestad\u00edstica: An\u00e1lisis de variables binarias, McGRAW-Hill."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7423","DOI":"10.1029\/93JC02147","article-title":"The 1982\u20131984 El Ni\u00f1o in the Gulf of California as seen in coastal zone color scanner imagery","volume":"99","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6378","article-title":"Antarctic temperature variability and change from station data","volume":"40","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1955","article-title":"Marine pelagic ecosystems: The West Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"362","author":"Ducklow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"100","article-title":"Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean","volume":"432","author":"Atkinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12100","article-title":"Trophodynamic effects of climate change-induced alterations to primary production along the western Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"569","author":"Suprenand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1958","article-title":"Climate change and the marine ecosystem of the western Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"362","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/380699a0","article-title":"An Antarctic circumpolar wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature and sea-ice extent","volume":"380","author":"White","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070319","article-title":"Mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake Passage","volume":"43","author":"Donohue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-16-0121.1","article-title":"An Exact, Steady, Purely Azimuthal Flow as a Model for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"46","author":"Constantin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437018040100","article-title":"Jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Drake Passage Based on Hydrographic Section Data","volume":"58","author":"Tarakanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0131.1","article-title":"Subantarctic and Polar Fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Southern Ocean Heat and Freshwater Content Variability: A View from Argo","volume":"46","author":"Giglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2018.311","article-title":"Applying the stereographic projection to modeling of the flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"31","author":"Haziot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00605-017-1097-z","article-title":"A steady, purely azimuthal flow model for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"187","author":"Quirchmayr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. Math."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2018.11.014","article-title":"The Antarctic Circumpolar Current as a shallow-water asymptotic solution of Euler\u2019s equation in spherical coordinates","volume":"160","author":"Marynets","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.3934\/dcds.2019179","article-title":"Study of an elliptic partial differential equation modelling the Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"39","author":"Haziot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discret. Contin. Dyn. Syst. A"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1134\/S0001437018030074","article-title":"Energy Exchange between Jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Synoptic Eddies in the Drake Passage and Scotia Sea","volume":"58","author":"Koshlyakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oceanology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.1029\/2017GL076246","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in the Correlation Between Anomalies of Sea Level and Chlorophyll in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0207.1","article-title":"Circulation and Stirring in the Southeast Pacific Ocean and the Scotia Sea Sectors of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current","volume":"46","author":"Balwada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"17","article-title":"Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by analysis of instrumental records","volume":"Volume 79","author":"King","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.03.008","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation in shallow seawater temperatures around Antarctica","volume":"53","author":"Barnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep. Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000624","article-title":"The Antarctic Slope Current in a Changing Climate","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-13-0217.1","article-title":"On the Variability of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Fronts Inferred from 1992\u20132011 Altimetry","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG003311","article-title":"Climate forcing for dynamics of dissolved inorganic nutrients at Palmer Station, Antarctica: An interdecadal (1993\u20132013) analysis","volume":"121","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6875","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0565.1","article-title":"Sixty Years of Widespread Warming in the Southern Middle and High Latitudes (1957\u20132016)","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004269","article-title":"Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability","volume":"113","author":"Stammerjohn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9324","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025305","article-title":"The relative influence of ENSO and SAM on Antarctic Peninsula climate","volume":"121","author":"Clem","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-010-0905-0","article-title":"Understanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection","volume":"36","author":"Fogt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015415","article-title":"Spatial patterns of variability in Antarctic surface temperature: Connections to the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode and the Southern Oscillation","volume":"29","author":"Kwok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-011-1044-y","article-title":"Climate links and recent extremes in antarctic sea ice, high-latitude cyclones, Southern Annular Mode and ENSO","volume":"38","author":"Pezza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2535-z","article-title":"Decadal changes in the Southern Hemisphere sea surface temperature in association with El Ni\u00f1o\u2013Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode","volume":"45","author":"Yeo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3671.1","article-title":"Decadal Variability of the ENSO Teleconnection to the High-Latitude South Pacific Governed by Coupling with the Southern Annular Mode","volume":"19","author":"Fogt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"111","article-title":"Teleconnections between the tropical Pacific and the Amundsen-Bellinghausens Sea: Role of the El Ni\u00f1o\/Southern Oscillation","volume":"111","author":"Connolley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3731","article-title":"The linearity of the El Ni\u00f1o teleconnection to the Amundsen Sea region","volume":"146","author":"Yiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013376","article-title":"The effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on the phase of the Antarctic Oscillation","volume":"28","author":"Sexton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.102","article-title":"Modelling the atmospheric response to doubled CO2 and depleted stratospheric ozone using a stratosphere-resolving coupled GCM","volume":"129","author":"Gillett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8233","article-title":"Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol","volume":"6","author":"Chipperfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1641\/B570707","article-title":"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas","volume":"57","author":"Spalding","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"(2020, August 04). Nature Conservancy. Available online: https:\/\/geospatial.tnc.org\/datasets\/ed2be4cf8b7a451f84fd093c2e7660e3_0."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011436","article-title":"Anatomy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current volume transports through Drake Passage","volume":"121","author":"Koenig","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2021, January 14). National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center, Available online: https:\/\/origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/products\/analysis_monitoring\/ensostuff\/ONI_v5.php."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2021, January 14). Physical Sciences Laboratory, Available online: https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov\/enso\/mei."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0108.1","article-title":"Composite analysis of the effects of ENSO events on Antarctica","volume":"29","author":"Welhouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9393","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0335.1","article-title":"The early 1990s change in ENSO\u2013PSA\u2013SAM relationships and its impact on Southern Hemisphere climate","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0233.1","article-title":"Meteorological Drivers and Large-Scale Climate Forcing of West Antarctic Surface Melt","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2020, August 07). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/data-access\/marineocean-data\/extended-reconstructed-sea-surface-temperature-ersst-v5."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7570","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00729.1","article-title":"Temperature Change on the Antarctic Peninsula Linked to the Tropical Pacific","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2020, August 09). National Snow & Ice Data Center. Available online: Nsidc.org\/data\/avhrr."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"(2020, August 10). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Available online: https:\/\/www.nodc.noaa.gov\/sog\/pathfinder4km\/userguide.html."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9179","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC000065","article-title":"Overview of the NOAA\/NASA advanced very high resolution radiometer Pathfinder algorithm for sea surface temperature and associated matchup database","volume":"106","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004353","article-title":"Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: A composite Arctic sea surface temperature algorithm using satellite thermal data","volume":"113","author":"Vincent","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08044","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004354","article-title":"Arctic waters and marginal ice zones: 2. An investigation of arctic atmospheric infrared absorption for advanced very high resolution radiometer sea surface temperature estimates","volume":"113","author":"Vincent","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincent, R. (2019). The Case for a Single Channel Composite Arctic Sea Surface Temperature Algorithm. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202393"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Kilpatrick, K.A., Minnett, P.J., and Luo, B. (2019, January 6\u201310). Validation of NASA MODIS R2019.0 reprocessed SST products. Proceedings of the 18th International GHRSST Science Team Meeting (GHRSST XVIII), Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112094","article-title":"High latitude sea surface temperatures derived from MODIS infrared measurements","volume":"251","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2020, August 12). Palmer Station Antarctica. Available online: https:\/\/oceaninformatics.ucsd.edu\/datazoo\/catalogs\/pallter\/datasets\/28\/datatables\/28\/download."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:22Z","timestamp":1760160982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13061122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13061122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]}}}