{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:57:45Z","timestamp":1780394265097,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ANR, BELSPO and MINECO","award":["PCIN-2016-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCIN-2016-042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological modeling requires sufficient spatial resolution and a careful selection of environmental variables to achieve good predictive performance. Although national and international administrations offer fine-scale environmental data, they usually have limited spatial coverage (country or continent). Alternatively, optical and radar satellite imagery is available with high resolutions, global coverage and frequent revisit intervals. Here, we compared the performance of ecological models trained with free satellite data with models fitted using regionally restricted spatial datasets. We developed brown bear habitat suitability and connectivity models from three datasets with different spatial coverage and accessibility. These datasets comprised (1) a Sentinel-1 and 2 land cover map (global coverage); (2) pan-European vegetation and land cover layers (continental coverage); and (3) LiDAR data and the Forest Map of Spain (national coverage). Results show that Sentinel imagery and pan-European datasets are powerful sources to estimate vegetation variables for habitat and connectivity modeling. However, Sentinel data could be limited for understanding precise habitat\u2013species associations if the derived discrete variables do not distinguish a wide range of vegetation types. Therefore, more effort should be taken to improving the thematic resolution of satellite-derived vegetation variables. Our findings support the application of ecological modeling worldwide and can help select spatial datasets according to their coverage and resolution for habitat suitability and connectivity modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:48:22Z","timestamp":1615981702000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Role of Remote Sensing Data in Habitat Suitability and Connectivity Modeling: Insights from the Cantabrian Brown Bear"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8326-931X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Cisneros-Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EGOGESFOR Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Goicolea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGOGESFOR Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Cruz","family":"Mateo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGOGESFOR Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Vi\u00f1\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGOGESFOR Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Marchamalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda y Morfolog\u00eda del Terreno, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Mercier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, For\u00eats et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"LETG Rennes, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, UMR 6554, 35908 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aitor","family":"Gast\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EGOGESFOR Research Group, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Ciudad Universitaria s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellamy, C., Boughey, K., Hawkins, C., Reveley, S., Spake, R., Williams, C., and Altringham, J. (2020). A Sequential Multi-Level Framework to Improve Habitat Suitability Modelling. Landsc. Ecol., 1\u201320.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-020-00987-w"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bennett, G., and Mulongoy, K.J. (2006). Review of Experience with Ecological Networks, Corridors and Buffer Zones. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, CBD Secretariat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2010.01781.x","article-title":"Do Habitat Suitability Models Reliably Predict the Recovery Areas of Threatened Species?","volume":"47","author":"Cianfrani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12189","article-title":"Predicting Species Distributions for Conservation Decisions","volume":"16","author":"Guisan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892913000325","article-title":"Prioritizing Highway Defragmentation Locations for Restoring Landscape Connectivity","volume":"41","author":"Gurrutxaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2307\/1942046","article-title":"Usefulness of Spatially Explicit Population Models in Land Management","volume":"5","author":"Turner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.06.011","article-title":"Using Niche Models with Climate Projections to Inform Conservation Management Decisions","volume":"155","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12925","article-title":"Modelling the Area of Occupancy of Habitat Types with Remote Sensing","volume":"9","author":"Ondiviela","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00233-7","article-title":"Perspectives on Combining Ecological Process Models and Remotely Sensed Data","volume":"129","author":"Plummer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/523403a","article-title":"Agree on Biodiversity Metrics to Track from Space","volume":"523","author":"Skidmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LAND.0000018368.99833.f2","article-title":"Scale Dependency of Insect Assemblages in Response to Landscape Pattern","volume":"19","author":"Chust","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2003.10.011","article-title":"Are Existing Vegetation Maps Adequate to Predict Bird Distributions?","volume":"175","author":"Seoane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0305-0270.2003.01014.x","article-title":"Climate and Satellite-Derived Land Cover for Predicting Breeding Bird Distribution in the Great Lakes Basin","volume":"31","author":"Venier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/avsc.12028","article-title":"High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data Improves Models of Species Richness","volume":"16","author":"Camathias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Sheehan, J. (2017). The Utility of Fine-Scale Remote Sensing Data for Modeling Habitat Characteristics and Breeding Bird Species Distributions in an Appalachian Mature Deciduous. [Ph.D. Thesis, West Virginia University]."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Species\u2019 Habitat Use Inferred from Environmental Variables at Multiple Scales: How Much We Gain from High-Resolution Vegetation Data?","volume":"55","author":"Ciudad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.020","article-title":"Can LiDAR Data Improve Bird Habitat Suitability Models?","volume":"245","author":"Tattoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.59","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Functions: Opportunities, Challenges and Way Forward","volume":"4","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gatti, A., and Galoppo, A. (2021, March 15). Sentinel-2 Products Specification Document. Available online: https:\/\/sentinel.esa.int\/documents\/247904\/349490\/S2_MSI_Product_Specification.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., and Roy, D.P. (2017). A Global Analysis of Sentinel-2a, Sentinel-2b and Landsat-8 Data Revisit Intervals and Implications for Terrestrial Monitoring. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090902"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipponi, F. (2019). Sentinel-1 GRD Preprocessing Workflow. Proceedings, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ECRS-3-06201"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.15","article-title":"Framing the Concept of Satellite Remote Sensing Essential Biodiversity Variables: Challenges and Future Directions","volume":"2","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.4","article-title":"Earth Observation as a Tool for Tracking Progress towards the Aichi Biodiversity Targets","volume":"1","author":"Secades","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12397","article-title":"Ten Ways Remote Sensing Can Contribute to Conservation","volume":"29","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Langanke, T., Moran, A., Dulleck, B., and Schleicher, C. (2017). Copernicus Land Monitoring Service\u2013High Resolution Layer Water and Wetness Product Specifications Document, Copernicus Team at European Environment Agency."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"B\u00fcttner, G., Kosztra, B., Soukup, T., Sousa, A., and Langanke, T. (2017). Final CLC2018 Technical Guidelines, Copernicus Team at European Environment Agency."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercier, A., Betbeder, J., Rumiano, F., Baudry, J., Gond, V., Blanc, L., Bourgoin, C., Cornu, G., Ciudad, C., and Marchamalo, M. (2019). Evaluation of Sentinel-1 and 2 Time Series for Land Cover Classification of Forest\u2013Agriculture Mosaics in Temperate and Tropical Landscapes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11080979"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2015, June 01). MITMA Centro Nacional de Descargas. Available online: http:\/\/centrodedescargas.cnig.es\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2015, June 01). MITECO Mapa Forestal De Espa\u00f1a 1:50,000 (MFE50). Available online: https:\/\/www.miteco.gob.es\/es\/biodiversidad\/servicios\/banco-datos-naturaleza\/informacion-disponible\/mfe50.aspx."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Calvo, M., S\u00e1nchez, T., V\u00e1zquez, V.M., Cubero, D., Molina, J.I., Osorio, M.\u00c1., Zuaz\u00faa, P., Pollo, C.J., Pinto, D., and Lucio, A.J. (2019). Estrategia Para La Conservaci\u00f3n Del Oso Pardo Ursus Arctos En La Cordillera Cant\u00e1brica, MITECO."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"San Miguel, A., Ballesteros, F., Blanco, J.C., and Palomero, G. (2012). Manual de Buenas Pr\u00e1cticas Para La Gesti\u00f3n de Corredores Oseros En La Cordillera Cant\u00e1brica, Fundaci\u00f3n Oso Pardo, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentaci\u00f3n y Medio Ambiente."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0324-z","article-title":"Seasonal and Temporal Changes in Species Use of the Landscape: How Do They Impact the Inferences from Multi-Scale Habitat Modeling?","volume":"31","author":"Ciudad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2015, June 01). OpenStreetMap. Available online: www.openstreetmap.org."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2013.776684","article-title":"Scale Dependence in Habitat Selection: The Case of the Endangered Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos) in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain)","volume":"28","author":"Cushman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Marqu\u00ednez, J., Garc\u00eda, P., Nores, C., Lastra, J., Varela, M., and Mart\u00ednez, R. (2002). Delimitaci\u00f3n de \u00c1reas Cr\u00edticas Para El Oso Pardo y Cartograf\u00eda de La Calidad de H\u00e1bitat, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Ordenaci\u00f3n del Territorio, Universidad de Oviedo, Gobierno del Principado de Asturias."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2013.04.020","article-title":"Evaluating the Predictive Performance of Stacked Species Distribution Models Applied to Plant Species Selection in Ecological Restoration","volume":"263","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"23","article-title":"A Terrain Ruggedness That Quantifies Topographic Heterogeneity","volume":"5","author":"Riley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intermt. J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12109","article-title":"Connecting Endangered Brown Bear Subpopulations in the Cantabrian Range (North-Western Spain)","volume":"17","author":"Cushman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2004.00555.x","article-title":"A Multiscale Landscape Approach to Predicting Bird and Moth Rarity Hotspots in a Threatened Pitch Pine-Scrub Oak Community","volume":"18","author":"Grand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell, F.E. (2019). Regression Modeling Strategies, Springer.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.rmsb"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Petrov, B., and Cs\u00e1ki, F. (1973). Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle. Information Theory: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium, Akad\u00e9miai Kiad\u00f3."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892997000088","article-title":"A Review of Methods for the Assessment of Prediction Errors in Conservation Presence\/Absence Models","volume":"24","author":"Fielding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2307\/2531595","article-title":"Comparing the Areas under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach","volume":"44","author":"Delong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.02.036","article-title":"Key Connectors in Protected Forest Area Networks and the Impact of Highways: A Transnational Case Study from the Cantabrian Range to the Western Alps (SW Europe)","volume":"101","author":"Gurrutxaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12390","article-title":"Connectivity of the Global Network of Protected Areas","volume":"22","author":"Santini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Divers. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.04.002","article-title":"Natura 2000 Sites, Public Forests and Riparian Corridors: The Connectivity Backbone of Forest Green Infrastructure","volume":"75","author":"Melero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2000.0373","article-title":"Landscape Connectivity: A Conservation Application of Graph Theory","volume":"59","author":"Bunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-006-0013-z","article-title":"Comparison and Development of New Graph-Based Landscape Connectivity Indices: Towards the Priorization of Habitat Patches and Corridors for Conservation","volume":"21","author":"Saura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2007.03.005","article-title":"A New Habitat Availability Index to Integrate Connectivity in Landscape Conservation Planning: Comparison with Existing Indices and Application to a Case Study","volume":"83","author":"Saura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-012-9737-0","article-title":"Estimating Landscape Resistance to Movement: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Zeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateo-S\u00e1nchez, M.C., Balkenhol, N., Cushman, S., P\u00e9rez, T., Dom\u00ednguez, A., and Saura, S. (2015). Estimating Effective Landscape Distances and Movement Corridors: Comparison of Habitat and Genetic Data. Ecosphere, 6.","DOI":"10.1890\/ES14-00387.1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2003.02144.x","article-title":"Endangered Species Constrained by Natural and Human Factors: The Case of Brown Bears in Northern Spain","volume":"17","author":"Naves","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.036","article-title":"Modelling Potential Dispersal Corridors for Cougars in Midwestern North America Using Least-Cost Path Methods","volume":"212","author":"LaRue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"McRae, B., and Kavanagh, D. (2011). Linkage Mapper Connectivity Analysis Software, The Nature Conservancy."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1861.1","article-title":"Using Circuit Theory to Model Connectivity in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation","volume":"89","author":"Mcrae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"McRae, B., Shah, V., and Mohapatra, T. (2013). Circuitscape 4 User Guide, The Nature Conservancy."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2009.05760.x","article-title":"A Common Currency for the Different Ways in Which Patches and Links Can Contribute to Habitat Availability and Connectivity in the Landscape","volume":"33","author":"Saura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2008.05.005","article-title":"Conefor Sensinode 2.2: A Software Package for Quantifying the Importance of Habitat Patches for Landscape Connectivity","volume":"24","author":"Saura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2006.09.015","article-title":"Should I Stay or Should I Go? Natal Dispersal in the Brown Bear","volume":"74","author":"Zedrosser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s40823-016-0011-z","article-title":"Recent Progress on Spatial and Thematic Resolution in Landscape Ecology","volume":"1","author":"Lechner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Landsc. Ecol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e0067889","article-title":"Thematic and Spatial Resolutions Affect Model-Based Predictions of Tree Species Distribution","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.07.008","article-title":"Influence of Grain Size on Species-Habitat Models","volume":"222","author":"Gottschalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-017-0489-8","article-title":"Sensitivity of Resource Selection and Connectivity Models to Landscape Definition","volume":"32","author":"Zeller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2017.1372316","article-title":"Fusion of Sentinel-1a and Sentinel-2A Data for Land Cover Mapping: A Case Study in the Lower Magdalena Region, Colombia","volume":"13","author":"Clerici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Maps"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"012007","article-title":"Orthorectification of Sentinel-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Data in Some Parts Of South-Eastern Sulawesi Using Sentinel-1 Toolbox","volume":"Volume 47","author":"Bayanudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Indonesian Society for Remote Sensing (ICOIRS)"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17041","article-title":"Defining Habitat Covariates in Camera-Trap Based Occupancy Studies","volume":"5","author":"Niedballa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.04.007","article-title":"Dynamic Wildlife Habitat Models: Seasonal Foods and Mortality Risk Predict Occupancy-Abundance and Habitat Selection in Grizzly Bears","volume":"143","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.46","article-title":"Remotely Sensed Forest Habitat Structures Improve Regional Species Conservation","volume":"3","author":"Rechsteiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12087","article-title":"Testing Instead of Assuming the Importance of Land Use Change Scenarios to Model Species Distributions under Climate Change","volume":"22","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riggio, J., and Caro, T. (2017). Structural Connectivity at a National Scale: Wildlife Corridors in Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187407"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4081\/jae.2015.459","article-title":"Application, Validation and Comparison in Different Geographical Contexts of an Integrated Model for the Design of Ecological Networks","volume":"46","author":"Fichera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-010-9467-0","article-title":"Scale Dependent Inference in Landscape Genetics","volume":"25","author":"Cushman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s40823-016-0006-9","article-title":"Least-Cost Modelling and Landscape Ecology: Concepts, Applications, and Opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Etherington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Landsc. Ecol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.00942.x","article-title":"Forks in the Road: Choices in Procedures for Designing Wildland Linkages","volume":"22","author":"Beier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103878","article-title":"Validation of Functional Connectivity Modeling: The Achilles\u2019 Heel of Landscape Connectivity Mapping","volume":"202","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-018-0624-1","article-title":"Evaluating Static and Dynamic Landscape Connectivity Modelling Using a 25-Year Remote Sensing Time Series","volume":"33","author":"Tulbure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"59","article-title":"Overview of Free Open Source Global Forest Species Data for Biogeographic Modeling","volume":"204","author":"Beker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Topola"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Mcgaughey, R.J., and Carson, W.W. (2003). Fusing LIDAR Data, Photographs, and Other Data Using 2D and 3D Visualization Techniques. Proc. Terrain Data Appl. Vis. Mak. Connect., 28\u201330. Available online: https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/pnw\/olympia\/silv\/publications\/opt\/488_McGaugheyCarson2003.pdf."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Gast\u00f3n, A., Ropero, C., Garc\u00eda-Vi\u00f1as, J.I., L\u00f3pez-Leiva, C., G\u00f3mez-Sanz, V., Vallejo, R., Ruiz del Castillo, J., and Ruiz de la Torre, J. (2015, June 01). HispaVeg: A New Online Vegetation Plot Database for Spain. Available online: http:\/\/hispaveg.org\/."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:36:57Z","timestamp":1760161017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13061138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13061138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]}}}