{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:50:25Z","timestamp":1772779825984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00010\/U\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00010\/U\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precisely determining agricultural land abandonment (ALA) in an area is still difficult, even with recent progress in data collection and analysis. It is especially difficult in fragmented areas that need more tailor-made methods. The aim of this research was to determine ALA using airborne laser scanning (ALS) data, which are available in Poland with 4 to 6 points per square metre resolution. ALS data were processed into heat maps and modified with chosen kernel functions: triweight and Epanechnikov. The results of ALS data processing were compared to the control method, i.e., visual interpretation of an orthophotomap. This study shows that ALS data modelled with kernel functions allow for a good identification of ALA. The accuracy of results shows 82% concordance as compared to the control method. When comparing triweight and Epanechnikov functions, higher accuracy was achieved when using the triweight function. The research shows that ALS data processing is a promising method of detection of ALA and could provide an alternative to well-known methods such as the analysis of satellite images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T22:19:36Z","timestamp":1616105976000},"page":"1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Determining the Intangible: Detecting Land Abandonment at Local Scale"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5175-6161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Czesak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 253c Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8496-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"R\u00f3\u017cycka-Czas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 253c Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Salata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 253c Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Dixon-Gough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 253c Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zef","family":"Hernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 253c Balicka Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104065","article-title":"Urban challenges and opportunities to promote sustainable food security through smart cities and the 4th industrial revolution","volume":"87","author":"Prasath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Economic Forum (2019). Global Risks Report 2019, World Economic Forum.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-3723(19)30016-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2018.05.002","article-title":"The nexus between water, energy, and food in the context of the global risks: An analysis of the interactions between food, water, and energy security","volume":"72","author":"Valduga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.17151\/luaz.2016.43.20","article-title":"Globalization and industrialization of agriculture: Impacts on rural Chocont\u00e1, Colombia","volume":"43","author":"Piniero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Luna Azul"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9523.2009.00479.x","article-title":"Mobilities, vulnerabilities and sustainabilities: Exploring pathways from denial to sustainable rural development","volume":"49","author":"Marsden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sociol. Rural."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-014-0656-z","article-title":"Ecological impacts of oil palm agriculture on forest mammals in plantation estates and smallholdings","volume":"23","author":"Azhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.05.019","article-title":"Mapping abandoned agriculture with multi-temporal MODIS satellite data","volume":"124","author":"Alcantara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-017-1426-0","article-title":"Global understanding of farmland abandonment: A review and prospects","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1890\/120348","article-title":"Farmland abandonment: Threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global review","volume":"12","author":"Queiroz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1999.00141.x","article-title":"Estimating historical changes in land cover North American croplands from 1850 to 1992","volume":"8","author":"Ramankutty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.1999.0335","article-title":"Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response","volume":"59","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savulescu, I., Mihai, B.A., V\u00eerghileanu, M., Nistor, C., and Olariu, B. (2019). Mountain arable land abandonment (1968\u20132018) in the Romanian Carpathians: Environmental conflicts and sustainability issues. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11236679"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.06.017","article-title":"Land abandonment in Poland after the collapse of socialism: Over a quarter of a century of increasing tree cover on agricultural land","volume":"138","author":"Janus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2017.09.002","article-title":"Understanding farmland abandonment in the Polish Carpathians","volume":"88","author":"Kolecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Land Abandonment Concept and Consequences","volume":"17","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Galega Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Keenleyside, C., and Tucker, G. (2010). Farmland Abandonment in the EU: An Assessment of Trends and Prospects, Institute for European Environmental Policy. Report prepared for WWF."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tereny postagrarne w najwi\u0119kszych miastach Polski","volume":"38","author":"Zachariasz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pr. Kom. Kraj. Kult. Cult. Landsc. Comm."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"FAO FAOSTAT (2020, June 30). Methods & Standards. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/agn\/nutrition\/Indicatorsfiles\/Agriculture.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"89","article-title":"Od\u0142ogi w krajobrazach Polski \u015brodkowej\u2014Aspekty przestrzenne, typologiczne i ekologiczne","volume":"41","author":"Krysiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Probl. Ekol. Kraj."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.01.005","article-title":"Is the abandonment of traditional livestock farming systems the main driver of mountain landscape change in Alpine areas?","volume":"29","author":"Cocca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Anguiano, E., Bamps, C., Terres, J., and Red, M. (2008). Analysis of Farmland Abandonment and the Extent and Location of Agricultural Areas that are Actually Abandoned or are in Risk to be Abandoned, European Commission Joint Research Centre."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Abandonment of agricultural land: An overview of drivers and consequences","volume":"2","author":"Matins","year":"2007","journal-title":"CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"226","article-title":"Zur Definition des Begriffes \u201cSozialbrache\u201d (The Meaning of the Term \u201cSozialbrache\u201d (Social Fallow))","volume":"12","author":"Ruppert","year":"1958","journal-title":"Erdkunde"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.06.009","article-title":"Farmland abandonment in Europe: Identification of drivers and indicators, and development of a composite indicator of risk","volume":"49","author":"Terres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"277","article-title":"Barriers to exit encountered by small farms in light of the theory of new institutional economics","volume":"64","author":"Satola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojewodzic, T. (2017). Procesy Dywestycji i Dezagraryzacji w Rolnictwie na Obszarach o Rozdrobnionej Strukturze Agrarnej. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rolniczego, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rolniczego.","DOI":"10.15576\/978-83-66602-31-1"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Perpi\u00f1a Castillo, C., Kavalov, B., Diogo, V., Jacobs-Crisioni, C., Batista e Silva, F., and Lavalle, C. (2018). JRC Policy Insights: Agricultural Land Abandonment in the EU within 2015\u20132030, Joint Research Centre (Seville site). JRC Working Papers JRC113718."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"122","article-title":"Solidago SPP. biowska\u017anikiem wyst\u0119powania od\u0142og\u00f3w na gruntach rolnych","volume":"27","author":"Rola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fragm. Agron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2006.06.006","article-title":"Rates of landscape change at the northern fringe of the Swiss Alps: Historical and recent tendencies","volume":"80","author":"Schneeberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2013.05.012","article-title":"Patterns and causes of land change: Empirical results and conceptual considerations derived from a case study in the Swabian Alb, Germany","volume":"35","author":"Bieling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1080\/00045600903260697","article-title":"Satellite Data Methods and Application in the Evaluation of War Outcomes: Abandoned Agricultural Land in Bosnia-Herzegovina After the 1992\u20131995 Conflict","volume":"99","author":"Witmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035035","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/035035","article-title":"Mapping the extent of abandoned farmland in Central and Eastern Europe using MODIS time series satellite data","volume":"8","author":"Alcantara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.017","article-title":"The effect of Landsat ETM\/ETM+ image acquisition dates on the detection of agricultural land abandonment in Eastern Europe","volume":"126","author":"Prishchepov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"320","article-title":"Abandonment of agricultural land in central Poland and its ecological role","volume":"32","author":"Majchrowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ekol\u00f3gia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.15576\/GLL\/2016.3.21","article-title":"Fieldwork approach to determining the extent of agricultural land abandonment-case study","volume":"3","author":"Czesak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomat. Landmanag. Landsc."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi (2019). Diagnoza Sutuacji Spo\u0142\u0119czno-Gospodarczej Rolnictwa, Obszar\u00f3w Wiejskich i Rybactwa w Polscie."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.15576\/GLL\/2015.1.31","article-title":"The Idea of Ranking in Setting Priorities for Land Consolidation Works","volume":"1","author":"Janus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Landmanag. Landsc."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Janus, J., Glowacka, A., and Bozek, P. (2016). Identification of Areas With Unfavorable Agriculture Development. Eng. Rural Dev., 1260\u20131265."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"423","article-title":"Charakterystyka szachownicy grunt\u00f3w o uk\u0142adzie wst\u0119gowym na przyk\u0142adzie miejscowo\u015bci Brzeziny Gmina Puchacz\u00f3w","volume":"II","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infrastrukt. Ekol. Teren. Wiej."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2020, June 30). Directive 2007\/60\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:288:0027:0034:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"W\u0119\u017cyk, P. (2015). Podr\u0119cznik dla Uczestnik\u00f3w Szkole\u0144 z Wykorzystania Produkt\u00f3w LiDAR, G\u0142\u00f3wny Urz\u0105d Geodezji i Kartografii."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-013-0668-8","article-title":"Aerial Orthophoto and Airborne Laser Scanning as Monitoring Tools for Land Cover Dynamics: A Case Study from the Milicz Forest District (Poland)","volume":"171","author":"Szostak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identyfikacja rozk\u0142adu w systemach rzeczywistych za pomoc\u0105 estymator\u00f3w j\u0105drowych","volume":"1","year":"2008","journal-title":"Czas. Tech. Wydaw. Politech. Krakowiskiej"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.15576\/ASP.FC\/2016.15.1.3","article-title":"Kompleksowa modernizacja ewidencji grunt\u00f3w i budynk\u00f3w","volume":"15","author":"Noszczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Form. Circumiectus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolecka, N., and Kozak, J. (2019). Wall-to-Wall parcel-level mapping of agricultural land abandonment in the Polish Carpathians. Land, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/land8090129"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.05.004","article-title":"Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps","volume":"118","author":"Tasser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"465","article-title":"Zastosowanie danych ALS do interpretacji dawnych i wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnych form u\u017cytkowania terenu na przyk\u0142adzie wzg\u00f3rza Grojec","volume":"14","author":"Jucha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rocz. Geomatyki"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krysiak, S., Papi\u0144ska, E., Majchrowska, A., Adamiak, M., and Koziarkiewicz, M. (2020). Detecting Land Abandonment in Lodz Voivodeship Using Convolutional Neural Networks. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9030082"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Kujawa, A., and Chmielowiec-tyszko, D. (2020, June 30). Zadrzewienia na Obszarach Wiejskich\u2014Dobre Praktyki i Rekomendacje. Available online: http:\/\/drzewa.org.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Zadrzewienia-na-obszarach-wiejskich_draft.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Scott, P.R., Branch, R., and Division, P.I. (1992). The Role of Trees in Sustainable Agriculture A National Conference Resource Management Technical Report No. 138 Prepared for the National Land and Water Resource Audit."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumhardt, R.L., and Blanco-Canqui, H. (2014). Soil: Conservation Practices. Encycl. Agric. Food Syst., 153\u2013165.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52512-3.00091-7"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rega, C. (2020). Ecological Rationality in Spatial Planning Concepts and Tools for Sustainable Land-Use Decisions, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33027-9"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:37:47Z","timestamp":1760161067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13061166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13061166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]}}}