{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T13:43:32Z","timestamp":1768830212082,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 41571404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 41571404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities at Sichuan University","award":["Grant No. YJ202093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. YJ202093"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The belowground root zone of influence (ZOI) is fundamental to the study of the root\u2013root and root\u2013soil interaction mechanisms of plants and is vital for understanding changes in plant community compositions and ecosystem processes. However, traditional root research methods have a limited capacity to measure the actual ZOIs within plant communities without destroying them in the process. This study has developed a new approach to determining the ZOIs within natural plant communities. First, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), a non-invasive near-surface geophysical tool, was used to obtain a dataset of the actual spatial distribution of the coarse root system in a shrub quadrat. Second, the root dataset was automatically clustered and analyzed using the hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN) algorithm to determine the ZOIs of different plants. Finally, the shape, size, and other characteristics of each ZOI were extracted based on the clustering results. The proposed method was validated using GPR-obtained root data collected in two field shrub plots and one simulation on a dataset from existing literature. The results show that the shrubs within the studied community exhibited either segregated and aggregated ZOIs, and the two types of ZOIs were distinctly in terms of shape and size, demonstrating the complexity of root growth in response to changes in the surrounding environment. The ZOIs extracted based on GPR survey data were highly consistent with the actual growth pattern of shrub roots and can thus be used to reveal the spatial competition strategies of plant roots responding to changes in the soil environment and the influence of neighboring plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13061227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T23:59:41Z","timestamp":1616543981000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["GPR-Based Automatic Identification of Root Zones of Influence Using HDBSCAN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xihong","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenxian","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Xuehong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-0759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5789-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Beijing Engineering Research Center for Global Land Remote Sensing Products, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/54.2.139","article-title":"Dynamics of coarse root production in a young plantation of Picea sitchensis","volume":"54","author":"Deans","year":"1981","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-007-0132-4","article-title":"The role of fine and coarse roots in shallow slope stability and soil erosion control with a focus on root system architecture: A review","volume":"21","author":"Reubens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.545","article-title":"Plant competition underground","volume":"28","author":"Casper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1258.2012.01184","article-title":"Review of root nutrient foraging plasticity and root competition of plants","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2006.01124.x","article-title":"Root competition: Beyond resource depletion","volume":"94","author":"Schenk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0287","article-title":"Defining a plant\u2019s belowground zone of influence","volume":"84","author":"Casper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1139\/x93-271","article-title":"Ecological field theory model: A mechanistic approach to simulate plant\u2013plant interactions in southeastern forest ecosystems","volume":"23","author":"Mou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1086\/285647","article-title":"Landscape distribution of organisms and the scaling of soil resources","volume":"143","author":"Biondini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"364","article-title":"A new competition model for individual trees","volume":"17","author":"Bella","year":"1971","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00298-2","article-title":"A new approach to spatially explicit modelling of forest dynamics: Spacing, ageing and neighbourhood competition of mangrove trees","volume":"132","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.2307\/1939629","article-title":"The effect of neighbors on root distribution in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) population","volume":"75","author":"Brisson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2378","article-title":"Effects of Compensatory Growth On Populationprocesses: A Simulation Study","volume":"78","author":"Brisson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.0113","article-title":"Roots in space: A spatially explicit model for below-ground competition in plants","volume":"274","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02184251","article-title":"Lithium as a non-radioactive tracer for roots of intercropped species","volume":"64","author":"Martin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1086.1","article-title":"Root plasticity buffers competition among plants: Theory meets experimental data","volume":"92","author":"Schiffers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345795","article-title":"Root systems of chaparral shrubs","volume":"29","author":"Kummerow","year":"1977","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1071\/FP08062","article-title":"Preliminary use of ground-penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography to study tree roots in pine forests and poplar plantations","volume":"35","author":"Zenone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1049\/ecej:19960402","article-title":"Surface-Penetrating Radar","volume":"8","author":"Daniels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electron. Commun. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/21.17.1269","article-title":"Use of ground-penetrating radar to study tree roots in the southeastern United States","volume":"21","author":"Butnor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.2.125","article-title":"Mapping tree root systems with ground-penetrating radar","volume":"19","author":"Hruska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-014-2139-0","article-title":"Ground-penetrating radar-based automatic reconstruction of three-dimensional coarse root system architecture","volume":"383","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"236","article-title":"Pairing dual-frequency GPR in summer and winter enhances the detection and mapping of coarse roots in the semi-arid shrubland in China","volume":"71","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.F., Liu, W., Suhaim, S.B., Thirumuruganathan, S., Zhang, N., and Das, G. (2016). Hdbscan: Density based clustering over location based services. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2016.7498346"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-013-0311-4","article-title":"A framework for semi-supervised and unsupervised optimal extraction of clusters from hierarchies","volume":"27","author":"Campello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Veerhoek, L. (2020). Clustering Satellite Data to Define Eutrophication Monitoring Zones Based on Chlorophyll-a Concentration. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosalina, E., Salim, F.D., and Sellis, T. (2017, January 1\u20134). Automated density-based clustering of spatial urban data for interactive data exploration. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2017.8116392"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.103988","article-title":"Applying density-based outlier identifications using multiple datasets for validation of stroke clinical outcomes","volume":"132","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x","article-title":"Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"147","author":"Gill","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"157","article-title":"Relationship between soil water content and vertical distribution of root system under different ground water gradients in Maowusu Sandy Land","volume":"22","author":"Niu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Land Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"103","article-title":"Distribution characteristics of root system and carbon stock of Caragana microphylla Lam. in Aohan sandificational area","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Northwest A F Univ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"56","article-title":"Soil moisture infiltration dynamics in plantation of Caragana microphylla in Heerqin sandy land","volume":"1","author":"Alamusa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-012-1455-5","article-title":"Application of ground penetrating radar for coarse root detection and quantification: A review","volume":"362","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, C., and Keiswetter, D. (1998, January 22\u201326). Application of magnetic and multi-frequency EM techniques for landfill investigations: Case histories. Proceedings of the 11th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609-pdb.203.1998_047"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"831","article-title":"Automatic data processing procedure for ground probing radar","volume":"77","author":"Sato","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/24.12.1323","article-title":"Detection of tree roots and determination of root diameters by ground penetrating radar under optimal conditions","volume":"24","author":"Barton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2003.1607","article-title":"Utility of ground-penetrating radar as a root biomass survey tool in forest systems","volume":"67","author":"Butnor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTTECH.15.3.0600","article-title":"Ground-penetrating radar to detect and quantify residual root fragments following peach orchard clearing","volume":"15","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"HortTechnology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Cui, X., Guo, L., Chen, J., Chen, X., and Cao, X. (2016). Tree root automatic recognition in ground penetrating radar profiles based on randomized Hough transform. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050430"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00205","article-title":"hdbscan: Hierarchical density based clustering","volume":"2","author":"McInnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Open Res. Softw."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Eldridge, J., Belkin, M., and Wang, Y. (2015, January 3\u20136). Beyond hartigan consistency: Merge distortion metric for hierarchical clustering. Proceedings of the Conference on Learning Theory, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcs296","article-title":"Root\u2013root interactions: Extending our perspective to be more inclusive of the range of theories in ecology and agriculture using in-vivo analyses","volume":"112","author":"Faget","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-004-0107-0","article-title":"Molecular markers from the transcribed\/expressed region of the genome in higher plants","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genomics."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.3.874","article-title":"Root communication among desert shrubs","volume":"88","author":"Mahall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00296","article-title":"Belowground neighbor perception in Arabidopsis thaliana studied by transcriptome analysis: Roots of Hieracium pilosella cause biotic stress","volume":"4","author":"Schmid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02543.x","article-title":"Foraging for space and avoidance of physical obstructions by plant roots: A comparative study of grasses from contrasting habitats","volume":"179","author":"Semchenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60032-X","article-title":"Spatial root segregation: Are plants territorial?","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Schenk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Advances in Ecological Research"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Zahavi, A., and Zahavi, A. (1999). The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin\u2019s Puzzle, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schenk, H.J., and Seabloom, E.W. (2010). Evolutionary ecology of plant signals and toxins: A conceptual framework. Plant Communication from an Ecological Perspective, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12162-3_1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-005-2612-x","article-title":"Aggregative root placement: A feature during interspecific competition in inland sand-dune habitats","volume":"280","author":"Bartelheimer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02211.x","article-title":"Effects of physical connection and genetic identity of neighbouring ramets on root-placement patterns in two clonal species","volume":"176","author":"Semchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-013-9786-7","article-title":"Root architecture of Arabidopsis is affected by competition with neighbouring plants","volume":"70","author":"Caffaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01304.x","article-title":"Root navigation by self inhibition","volume":"28","author":"Falik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-015-2419-3","article-title":"Should I stay or should I go? Roots segregate in response to competition intensity","volume":"391","author":"Schmid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208473","article-title":"Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis","volume":"333","author":"Kiers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9877","article-title":"The exploitative segregation of plant roots","volume":"370","author":"Cabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379036","article-title":"Including competitive asymmetry in measures of local interference in plant populations","volume":"80","author":"Thomas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganatsas, P., and Spanos, I. (2007). Root system asymmetry of Mediterranean pines. Eco-And Ground Bio-Engineering: The Use of Vegetation to Improve Slope Stability, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-5593-5_12"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-008-9845-4","article-title":"Limiting factors in the detection of tree roots using ground-penetrating radar","volume":"319","author":"Hirano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-4103-z","article-title":"Modeling tree root diameter and biomass by ground-penetrating radar","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Malzer, C., and Baum, M. (2019). HDBSCAN (): An Alternative Cluster Extraction Method for HDBSCAN. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Schoor, M., and Colvin, C. (2009, January 16\u201318). Tree root mapping with ground penetrating radar. Proceedings of the 11th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition, Swaziland, South Africa.","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609-pdb.241.vanschoor_paper2"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004736310417","article-title":"Urban tree root systems and their survival near houses analyzed using ground penetrating radar and sap flow techniques","volume":"219","author":"Cermak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2","article-title":"An evaluation of different methods to investigate root system architecture of urban trees in situ: I. Ground-penetrating radar","volume":"28","author":"Stokes","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Arboric."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/11263500802150951","article-title":"Detection of Cryptomeria japonica roots with ground penetrating radar","volume":"142","author":"Dannoura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Wielopolski, L., Hendrey, G., Daniels, J.J., and McGuigan, M. (2000, January 23\u201326). Imaging tree root systems in situ. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Gold Coast, Australia."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1890\/06-0989","article-title":"Effect of elevated CO2 on coarse-root biomass in Florida scrub detected by ground-penetrating radar","volume":"88","author":"Stover","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1227\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:39:58Z","timestamp":1760161198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/6\/1227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13061227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13061227","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}