{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T16:33:35Z","timestamp":1773074015224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Operational Program. &quot;Crete&quot; 2014-2020","award":["MIS 5028190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 5028190"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geophysical prospecting methods have been extensively used to outline buried antiquities in terrestrial sites. Despite the frequent application of these mapping and imaging approaches for the detection of archaeological relics in deep-water marine environments (e.g., shipwrecks), the aforementioned processes have minimal contribution when it comes to understanding the dynamics of the past in coastal and shallow aquatic archaeological sites. This work explores the possibilities of multicomponent geophysical techniques in revealing antiquities that have been submerged in diverse shallow coastal marine environments in the eastern Mediterranean. A group of four sites in Greece (Agioi Theodoroi, Olous, Lambayanna) and Cyprus (Pafos) spanning from prehistory to Roman times were chosen as test sites to validate the efficiency of electrical resistivity tomography, magnetic gradiometry, and ground penetrating radar methods. The comprehensive analysis of the geophysical data completed the picture for the hidden archeological elements in all the sites. The results manifest the significance and the potential of these methods for documenting and understanding the complex archaeological sites encountered in the Mediterranean. In view of climate change and the risks related to future sea level rise and erosion of low-level coastal areas, the results of this work could be integrated in a strategic framework to develop an effective interdisciplinary research model that can be applied to similar shallow water archaeological surveys, thus substantially contributing towards cultural resources management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T21:36:51Z","timestamp":1616621811000},"page":"1237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Shallow Offshore Geophysical Prospection of Archaeological Sites in Eastern Mediterranean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nikos","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Geophysical Satellite Remote Sensing and Archaeoenvironment, Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Foundation for Research and Technology, Nik. Foka 130, 74 100 Rethymno, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarris, A. (2015). Best Practices of Geoinformatic Technologies for the Mapping of Archaeolandscapes, Archaeopress Publishing LTD.","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.15136073"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Dobson, N. (2005, January 17\u201323). Developmental Deep-Water Archaeology: A Preliminary Report on the Investigation and Excavation of the 19th-century side-wheel steamer SS Republic, lost in a storm off Savannah in 1865. Proceedings of the OCEANS 2005 MTS\/IEEE, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galanidou, N., Dellaporta, K., and Sakellariou, D. (2020). Greece: Unstable landscapes and underwater archaeology. Lakes of the World with Google Earth, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37367-2_19"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-9270.2006.00133.x","article-title":"Searching for Ancient Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea: The Discovery of Chios and Kythnos Hellenistic Wrecks with the Use of Marine Geological-Geophysical Methods","volume":"36","author":"Sakellariou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Naut. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1260\/2047-4970.1.1.1","article-title":"An \u2018Open\u2019 Method for 3D Modelling and Mapping in Underwater Archae-ological Sites","volume":"1","author":"Skarlatos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Herit. Digit. Era"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43027-7","article-title":"Assessing the human footprint on the sea-floor of coastal systems: The case of the Venice Lagoon, Italy","volume":"9","author":"Madricardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Xu, F., Zhang, K., Bu, X., Hu, H., and Anokye, M. (2020). Characterisation of Terrain Variations of an Underwater Ancient Town in Qiandao Lake. Remote. Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12020268"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janowski, L., Kubacka, M., Pydyn, A., Popek, M., and Gajewski, L. (2021). From acoustics to underwater archaeology: Deep inves-tigation of a shallow lake using high-resolution hydroacoustics\u2014The case of Lake Lednica, Poland. Archaeometry.","DOI":"10.1111\/ARCM.12663\/v2\/response1"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"357","article-title":"Marine geoarchaeological survey, cape Sounion, Greece: Preliminary results","volume":"14","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediterr. Archaeol. Archaeom."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1420","article-title":"Marine Archaeogeophysical Prospection of Roman Salapia Settlement (Puglia, Italy): Detecting Ancient Harbour Remains","volume":"19","author":"Cocchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simyrdanis, K., Papadopoulos, N., and Cantoro, G. (2016). Shallow Off-Shore Archaeological Prospection with 3-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography: The Case of Olous (Modern Elounda), Greece. Remote. Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110897"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6480565","article-title":"3D Mapping of the Submerged Crowie Barge Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography","volume":"2018","author":"Simyrdanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.03.004","article-title":"Marine electrical resistivity tomography for shipwreck detection in very shallow water: A case study from Agropoli (Salerno, southern Italy)","volume":"37","author":"Passaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Marinatos, S. (1926). The Excavation of Nirou Chani Crete. Bull. Proc. Archaeol. Soc., 142\u2013147."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1071\/EG03182","article-title":"A comparison of smooth and blocky inversion methods in 2D electrical imaging surveys","volume":"34","author":"Loke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Explor. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Papadopoulos, N.G., and Sarris, A. (2011, January 19\u201324). An Algorithm for the fast 3-D inversion of direct current resistivity data using LSMR. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection, Izmir, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.276","article-title":"2D and 3D Resistivity Imaging in Archaeological Site Investigation","volume":"13","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Martinez Fernandez, A. (2009). New inscribed stones in Olous. Estudios de Epigrafia Griega, University of La Laguna."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Theodoulou, T. (2011, January 25\u201329). Geological Changes and Ancient Remnants at the Shores. Proceedings of the Ancient Structural Materials and Geomor-phological Evolution of West Crete during Prehistoric and Historical Times, Crete, Greece. unpublished Field Trip Guide for the Training School."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2015045","article-title":"Archaeological investigations in the shallow seawater environment with electrical resistivity tomography","volume":"13","author":"Simyrdanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"153","article-title":"Baie de Kiladha 2015","volume":"59","author":"Beck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antike Kunst"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"138","article-title":"Baie de Kiladha 2017","volume":"61","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antike Kunst"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalayc\u0131, T., and Sarris, A. (2016). Multi-Sensor Geomagnetic Prospection: A Case Study from Neolithic Thessaly, Greece. Remote. Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110966"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-018-0623-z","article-title":"Editorial-Coastal changes, from past records to future trends: Proxy analysis, modelling, and monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Aucelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonioli, F., De Falco, G., Presti, V.L., Moretti, L., Scardino, G., Anzidei, M., Bonaldo, D., Carniel, S., Leoni, G., and Furlani, S. (2020). Relative Sea-Level Rise and Potential Submersion Risk for 2100 on 16 Coastal Plains of the Mediterranean Sea. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12082173"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EF000188","article-title":"Sea level rise and its coastal impacts","volume":"2","author":"Cazenave","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125851","article-title":"Soil erosion in future scenario using CMIP5 models and earth observation datasets","volume":"594","author":"Maurya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricca, M., Alexandrakis, G., Bonazza, A., Bruno, F., Petriaggi, B.D., Elkin, D., Lagudi, A., Nicolas, S., Nov\u00e1k, M., and Papatheodorou, G. (2020). A Sustainable Approach for the Management and Valorization of Underwater Cultural Heritage: New Perspectives from the TECTONIC Project. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12125000"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:40:25Z","timestamp":1760161225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13071237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13071237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]}}}