{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:02Z","timestamp":1772253002735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex (MAC) is a product of the convergence of Africa\u2013Europe\u2013Aegean plates. As a result, the region exhibits a continuous mass change (horizontal\/vertical movements) that generates earthquakes. Over the last 50 years, approximately 430 earthquakes with M \u2265 5, including 36 M \u2265 6 earthquakes, have been recorded in the region. This study aims to link the ocean bottom deformations manifested through ocean bottom pressure variations with the earthquakes\u2019 time series. To this end, we investigated the time series of the ocean bottom pressure (OBP) anomalies derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) satellite missions. The OBP time series comprises a decreasing trend in addition to 1.02, 1.52, 4.27, and 10.66-year periodic components, which can be explained by atmosphere, oceans, and hydrosphere (AOH) processes, the Earth\u2019s pole movement, solar activity, and core\u2013mantle coupling. It can be inferred from the results that the OBP anomalies time series\/mass change is linked to a rising trend and periods in the earthquakes\u2019 energy time series. Based on this preliminary work, ocean-bottom pressure variation appears to be a promising lead for further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T21:36:51Z","timestamp":1616621811000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of Ocean Bottom Pressure Anomalies and Seismic Activities in the MedRidge Zone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakan S.","family":"Kutoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1532-9725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazimierz","family":"Becek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Dobslaw, H., Boergens, E., and Dill, R. (2021, January 19). COST-G GravIS RL01 Ocean Bottom Pressure Anomalies. V. 0002. GFZ Data Services. Available online: https:\/\/dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de\/gravis\/showshort.php?id=escidoc:5219908."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5612","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014108","article-title":"Time variations in ocean bottom pressure from a few hours to many years: In situ data, numerical models, and GRACE Satellite Gravimetry","volume":"123","author":"Poropat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"JPL (2021, February 12). ECCO Ocean Bottom Pressure (Monthly), Available online: https:\/\/grace.jpl.nasa.gov\/data\/get-data\/ocean-bottom-pressure."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L03602","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032662","article-title":"The relationship between sea-level and bottom pressure variability in an eddy-permitting ocean model","volume":"35","author":"Bingham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17603","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027296","article-title":"Evaluation of new GRACE time-variable gravity data over the ocean","volume":"33","author":"Chambers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Milburn, H., Nakamura, A., and Gonzalez, F. (1996, January 23\u201326). Real-time tsunami reporting from the deep ocean. Proceedings of the OCEANS 96 MTS\/IEEE Conference, The Coastal Ocean\u2014Prospects for the 21st Century, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/35126","article-title":"Oceanic signals in observed motions of the Earth\u2019s pole of rotation","volume":"391","author":"Ponte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20336","article-title":"Precise comparisons of bottom-pressure and altimetric ocean tides","volume":"118","author":"Ray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010830","article-title":"Long-period tidal variations in the length of day","volume":"119","author":"Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Engelhardt, H.T., and Caplan, A.L. (1987). The Continental Drift Debate. Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Condie, K.C. (1997). Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution, Butterworth-Heinemann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075063386-4\/50001-X"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Meissner, R. (2002). The Little Book of Planet Earth, Copernicus Books."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schubert, G., Turcotte, D.L., and Olson, P. (2001). Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511612879"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turcotte, D.L., and Schubert, G. (2002). Plate Tectonics. Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807442"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"173","article-title":"Bathymetry of the Eastern Mediterranean sea","volume":"13","author":"Emery","year":"1966","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hill, M.N. (1963). The Mid Oceanic Ridge. The Seas, Interscience."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11001-005-5026-5","article-title":"Morphology of a pre-collisional, salt-bearing, accretionary complex: The Mediterranean Ridge (Eastern Mediterranean)","volume":"27","author":"Huguen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mar. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Huguen, C. (2021, January 19). Volcanisme Boueux et D\u00e9formation R\u00e9cente \u00e0 Actuelle au sein de la Ride M\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les Donn\u00e9es de la Campagne PRISMED II. Available online: http:\/\/geologie-alpine.ujf-grenoble.fr\/articles\/GA_1999__75__135_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2372","article-title":"The Mediterranean Ridge: A mass balance across the fastest growing accretionary complex on Earth","volume":"108","author":"Kopf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1979)90<84:AASRCM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Aegean and sur-rounding regions: Complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone","volume":"90","author":"Dewey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.02270.x","article-title":"Contemporary kineatics of the southern Aegean and the Mediterranean Ridge","volume":"157","author":"Kreemer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12675","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB00317","article-title":"Geodetic determination of the kinematics of central Greece with respect to Europe: Implications for Eastern Mediterranean tectonics","volume":"100","author":"Lallemant","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900351","article-title":"Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus","volume":"105","author":"McClusky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.S7-XXIV.5-6.875","article-title":"Cin\u00e9matique des plaques et pal\u00e9og\u00e9ographie: Une revue","volume":"7","author":"Olivet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9ologique France"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9983","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03736","article-title":"Global positioning system measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone","volume":"102","author":"Reillinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail-Zadeh, A., Fucugaughi, J., Kijko, A., Takeuchi, K., and Zaliapin, I. (2014). Large earthquakes and tsunamis in the Mediterranean and its connected seas. Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks, and Societal Implications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139523905"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2014.04.014","article-title":"Historical and pre-historical tsunamis in the Mediterranean and its connected seas: Geological signatures, generation mechanisms and coastal impacts","volume":"354","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, January 20). IRIS Earthquake Browser. Available online: https:\/\/ds.iris.edu\/ieb\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"The MathWorks (1993). MATLAB User\u2019s Guide, The MathWorks Inc."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"USGS (2021, February 11). Earthquake Magnitude, Energy Release, and Shaking Intensity, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/natural-hazards\/earthquake-hazards\/science\/earthquake-magnitude-energy-release-and-shaking-intensity."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wilson, C.R., Kuang, W., and Chao, B.F. (2019). Interannual oscillations in Earth rotation. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 124.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018541"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.240.4854.895","article-title":"Global sea level and Earth rotation","volume":"240","author":"Peltier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01920.x","article-title":"Pleistocene deglaciation and the Earth\u2019s rotation: A new analysis","volume":"76","author":"Wu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL03571","article-title":"A mechanism for decade fluctuations in the length of day","volume":"23","author":"Buffett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"107","article-title":"Topographic core-mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth\u2019s rotation","volume":"76","author":"Aki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Relating Geophysical Structures and Processes: The Jeffreys Volume, Geophysical Monograph Series"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/333353a0","article-title":"Westward drift, core motions, and exchanges of angular momentum between core and mantle","volume":"333","author":"Jault","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"193","article-title":"Geodynamo modeling and core-mantle interactions","volume":"31","author":"Dehant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Core: Dynamics, Structure, Rotation, Geodynamics Series"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"2334","article-title":"Interannual oscillations in length of day: Implications for the structure of the mantle and core","volume":"108","author":"Mound","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"B08103","article-title":"Mechanisms of core-mantle angular momentum exchange and the observed spectral properties of torsional oscillations","volume":"110","author":"Mound","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:40:35Z","timestamp":1760161235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/7\/1242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13071242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13071242","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0444.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]}}}