{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:58:49Z","timestamp":1775001529990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP160100370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP160100370"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital surface models (DSM) have become one of the main sources of geometrical information for a broad range of applications. Image-based systems typically rely on passive sensors which can represent a strong limitation in several survey activities (e.g., night-time monitoring, underground survey and night surveillance). However, recent progresses in sensor technology allow very high sensitivity which drastically improves low-light image quality by applying innovative noise reduction techniques. This work focuses on the performances of night-time photogrammetric systems devoted to the monitoring of rock slopes. The study investigates the application of different camera settings and their reliability to produce accurate DSM. A total of 672 stereo-pairs acquired with high-sensitivity cameras (Nikon D800 and D810) at three different testing sites were considered. The dataset includes different camera configurations (ISO speed, shutter speed, aperture and image under-\/over-exposure). The use of image quality assessment (IQA) methods to evaluate the quality of the images prior to the 3D reconstruction is investigated. The results show that modern high-sensitivity cameras allow the reconstruction of accurate DSM in an extreme low-light environment and, exploiting the correct camera setup, achieving comparable results to daylight acquisitions. This makes imaging sensors extremely versatile for monitoring applications at generally low costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:17:53Z","timestamp":1616764673000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Photogrammetric Digital Surface Model Reconstruction in Extreme Low-Light Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Roncella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4089-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazarena","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Diotri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Thoeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geotechnical Science and Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Giacomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geotechnical Science and Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050103","article-title":"Digital terrain modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications","volume":"5","author":"Moore","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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